Journal
ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 58-72Publisher
SCIENCE PRESS
DOI: 10.1007/s00376-015-4202-z
Keywords
Typhoon Morakot; surface flux parameterization; exchange coefficients; boundary layer
Categories
Funding
- National Fundamental Research 973 Program of China [2015CB452801, 2013CB430100]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [41105035]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [20620140054, 20620140347]
- NOAA's Hurricane Forecast and Improvement Project (HFIP) [NA14NWS4680028]
- NASA Grant [NNX14AM69G]
- NASA [679096, NNX14AM69G] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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The effects of surface flux parameterizations on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and structure are investigated using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) modeling system with high-resolution simulations of Typhoon Morakot (2009). Numerical experiments are designed to simulate Typhoon Morakot (2009) with different formulations of surface exchange coefficients for enthalpy (C (K)) and momentum (C (D)) transfers, including those from recent observational studies based on in situ aircraft data collected in Atlantic hurricanes. The results show that the simulated intensity and structure are sensitive to C (K) and C (D), but the simulated track is not. Consistent with previous studies, the simulated storm intensity is found to be more sensitive to the ratio of C (K)/C (D) than to C (K) or C (D) alone. The pressure-wind relationship is also found to be influenced by the exchange coefficients, consistent with recent numerical studies. This paper emphasizes the importance of C (D) and C (K) on TC structure simulations. The results suggest that C (D) and C (K) have a large impact on surface wind and flux distributions, boundary layer heights, the warm core, and precipitation. Compared to available observations, the experiment with observed C (D) and C (K) generally simulated better intensity and structure than the other experiments, especially over the ocean. The reasons for the structural differences among the experiments with different C (D) and C (K) setups are discussed in the context of TC dynamics and thermodynamics.
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