Journal
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
Volume 21, Issue 40, Pages 13904-13908Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502114
Keywords
aryl alkyl ether; cross-coupling; DFT calculations; nickel; reaction mechanism
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Funding
- RICC (RIKEN Integrated Cluster of Clusters) [Q13357, Q14357, G14001]
- JSPS KAKENHI [24229011]
- JSPS Grant WAKATE-B [24790035]
- JSPS Tei-Soku Program [PU14008]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [14F04908] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling between aryl alkyl ethers (ArOR) and Grignard reagents (RMgBr), known since 1979, proceeds under mild conditions in many cases. Although the reaction routes of various synthetic protocols involving transition-metal-catalyzed C-O bond activation have been elucidated, the mechanism of this etheric Kumada-Tamao-Curriu reaction remains enigmatic. This is because oxidative addition of inert etheric C-O to Ni-0 is thermodynamically and kinetically unfavorable, making it hard to explain the observed high reactivity of ether toward Ni catalysts. In this work, we used DFT calculations to identify a plausible reaction pathway by the Ni-0-ate complex, which enables smooth C-O bond cleavage and R-group transfer with reasonable activation barriers; this mechanism also accounts for the ineffectiveness of Pd catalysts. These results throw new light on both C-O activation and cross-coupling, and should be valuable for further rational development of the methodologies.
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