Journal
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
Volume 27, Issue 16, Pages 5712-5718Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02236
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Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy [DE-SC0012704]
- Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program at Brookhaven National Laboratory [13-022]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-SC0012704]
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Preparing new electrode materials with synthetic control of phases and electrochemical properties is desirable for battery applications but hardly achievable without knowing how the synthesis reaction proceeds. Herein, we report on structure tracking-aided design and synthesis of single-crystalline Li3V2(PO4)(3) (LVP) nanoparticles with extremely high rate capability. A comprehensive investigation was made to the local structural orderings of the involved phases and their evolution toward forming LVP phase using in situ/ex situ synchrotron X-ray and electron-beam diffraction, spectroscopy, and imaging techniques. The results shed light on the thermodynamics and kinetics of synthesis reactions and enabled the design of a cost-efficient synthesis protocol to make nanocrystalline LVP, wherein solvothermal treatment is a crucial step leading to an amorphous intermediate with local structural ordering resembling that of LVP, which, upon calcination at moderate temperatures, rapidly transforms into the desired LVP phase. The obtained LVP particles are about 50 nm, coated with a thin layer of amorphous carbon and featured with excellent cycling stability and rate capability - 95% capacity retention after 200 cycles and 66% theoretical capacity even at a current rate of 10 C. The structure tracking based method we developed in this work offers a new way of designing battery electrodes with synthetic control of material phases and properties.
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