Journal
NUTRITION & DIETETICS
Volume 74, Issue 3, Pages 275-282Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12304
Keywords
blood pressure; diet; urine; Iran; potassium; sodium
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Funding
- Department of Nutrition, the Ministry of Health in Iran
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AimThe association of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) intake with blood pressure (BP) is an ongoing debate, especially in central Iran. We aimed to examine the mean Na and K intake, major sources of Na and the relationship between BP and dietary and urinary Na and K. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed in central Iran in 2013-2014. A total of 796 non-hypertensive adults aged >18years were randomly recruited. The semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary Na and K intake. Moreover, 24-hour urine samples were collected to measure 24-hour urinary Na (UNa) and K (UK) as biomarkers. BP was measured twice on each arm using a standard protocol. ResultsThe mean Na and K intake were 4309.61344.4 and 2732.7 +/- 1050.5mg/day, respectively. Table and cooking salt were the main sources of Na. Odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of the crude model in the highest quartile of UNa indicated a significant association with the higher risk of prehypertension (OR (95% CI): 2.09 (1.09-4.05); P for trend=0.007). After adjustment for potential confounders, prehypertension was significantly associated with increasing dietary Na/K ratio (OR (95% CI): 1.28 (1.01-1.57); P for trend=0.046) and UNa/UK ratio (OR (95% CI): 2.15(1.08-4.55); P for trend=0.029). Conclusions Increasing dietary and urinary Na/K ratios and UNa were associated with elevated BP and prehypertension occurrence. These findings support the necessity of developing a salt reduction programme in our country.
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