4.0 Article Proceedings Paper

Composition patterns and network structure of epiphyte-host interactions in Chilean and New Zealand temperate forests

Journal

NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY
Volume 54, Issue 2, Pages 204-222

Publisher

TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.2016.1147471

Keywords

Chile; co-occurrence; epiphyte; nestedness; network; New Zealand; specialisation; Chile; co-ocurrencia; epifita; anidamiento; red; Nueva Zelanda; especializacion

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Ecological networks are becoming increasingly used as a framework to study epiphyte-host interactions. However, efforts to quantify the properties of epiphyte-host networks have produced inconsistent results. Epiphyte-host interactions in New Zealand and Chilean temperate forests were quantified to test for non-random patterns in nestedness, negative co-occurrences, number of links, and network specialisation. Results showed that three out of five New Zealand networks were significantly more nested than null model expectations, compared with just one out of four Chilean networks. Epiphytes co-occurred more often than null model expectations in one New Zealand network and one in Chile. In all cases, the number of links maintained by each epiphyte and host species was consistent with null model expectations. Lastly, two New Zealand networks and one in southern Chile were significantly less specialised than null model expectations, with all remaining networks returning low specialisation scores. As such, aside from the tendency for greater nestedness in New Zealand networks, most epiphyte species were distributed on their host trees at random. We attribute the result of nestedness in New Zealand to the abundance of large nest epiphytes (Astelia spp. in particular), which may facilitate the sequential colonisation of epiphyte species on developing host trees. The lack of negative co-occurrences suggests that negative species interactions are not an important determinant of species assemblage structure. Low network specialisation scores suggest that epiphytes are selecting for specific host traits, rather than specific host species for colonisation. RESUMENLa aproximacion de redes ecologicas como marco para estudiar las interacciones entre epifitas y hospederos ha ido en aumento. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos para cuantificar las propiedades de estas redes aun muestran resultados inconsistentes. Se cuantificaron las interacciones entre epifitas y hospederos en bosques templados Neozelandeses y Chilenos para determinar patrones no aleatorios de anidamiento, co-ocurrencias negativas, numero de vinculos yespecializacion de estas redes. Tres de las cinco redes de Nueva Zelanda fueron significativamente mas anidadas que lo esperadopor el modelo nulo, comparado con solo una de las cuatro redes de Chile. En todos los casos el numero de vinculos mantenido por cada especie de epifita y hospedero fue consistente con lo esperado por el modelo nulo. Dos redes de Nueva Zelanda y una de Chile fueron significativamente menos especializadas que lo esperado por el modelo nulo, con el resto de las redes mostrando bajos valores de especializacion. Aparte de la tendencia general de anidamiento en las redes de Nueva Zelanda, la mayor parte de las especies de epifitas se distribuyen al azar entre los arboles hospederos. Atribuimos el resultado de anidamiento en Nueva Zelanda a la abundancia de grandes epifitas-nido (en particular Astelia spp.), las cuales pueden facilitar la colonizacion secuencial de epifitas en arboles en desarrollo. La ausencia de co-ocurrencias negativas sugiere que las interacciones interespecificas no son un determinante importante de la estructura del ensamble. La baja especializacion a una determinada red de las epifitas, sugiere que para su colonizacion estas seleccionan caracteristicas especificas en los hospederos mas que especies de hospederos en particular.

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