Physical activity in the context of diabetes mellitus

Physical activity, sport, and the reduction of avoidable sedentary activities are central components in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This applies equally to type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Physically active people with type 1 diabetes have a higher life expectancy, lower cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and a lower risk of diabetes-related complications. Furthermore, in the context of type 2 diabetes, in addition to an increase in physical performance, a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors and an improvement in hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) levels are found. In terms of activities, a combination of endurance and strength training is recommended; the goal should be to achieve a weekly volume of at least 150 min of moderate intensity or 75 min of intensive intensity. Balance training, body and mind exercise can be added. Priority should be given to the inclinations of the person concerned. Avoidable sedentary time should be reduced to a minimum, or at least interrupted regularly. The focus of the health effects is on the so-called exerkines, which, in the context of acute exercise, lead among other factors to an improved energy supply, and as a result of training to adaptations at the structural, metabolic and transport/supply level. Although many questions are still open, e.g., clearer differences between various forms of exercise and training, it comes evident that it is necessary to consistently integrate physical activity into the treatment regime of patients with diabetes (type 2). Techniques such as motivational interviewing can help to promote an active lifestyle.

Automated summary

Physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior are crucial in treating diabetes, regardless of type. Type 1 diabetes patients who are physically active have lower cardiovascular risks, longer life expectancy, and fewer complications. For type 2 diabetes, exercise not only improves physical performance, but also reduces cardiovascular risks and improves blood glucose control. It is important to combine endurance and strength training, aiming for at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise per week.