Journal
NEW PHYTOLOGIST
Volume 212, Issue 4, Pages 1057-1071Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/nph.14210
Keywords
defense; indirect defense; jasmonate; phytochrome; R: FR ratio; tomato (Solanum lycopersicum); tritrophic interaction; volatile
Categories
Funding
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas)
- ANPCyT (Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica)
- UBACyT (Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciencia y Tecnica)
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [SPI 87-313]
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Under conditions of competition for light, which lead to the inactivation of the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB), the growth of shade-intolerant plants is promoted and the accumulation of direct anti-herbivore defenses is down-regulated. Little is known about the effects of phyB on emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which play a major role as informational cues in indirect defense. We investigated the effects of phyB on direct and indirect defenses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using two complementary approaches to inactivate phyB: illumination with a low red to far-red ratio, simulating competition, and mutation of the two PHYB genes present in the tomato genome. Inactivation of phyB resulted in low levels of constitutive defenses and down regulationof direct defenses induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Interestingly, phyB inactivation also had large effects on the blends of VOCs induced by MeJA. Moreover, in two-choice bioassays using MeJA-induced plants, the predatory mind bug Macrolophus pygmaeus preferred VOCs from plants in which phyB was inactivated over VOCs from control plants. These results suggest that, in addition to repressing direct defense, phyB inactivation has consequences for VOC-mediated tritrophic interactions in canopies, presumably attracting predators to less defended plants, where they are likely to find more abundant prey.
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