Journal
NEW PHYTOLOGIST
Volume 211, Issue 3, Pages 940-951Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1111/nph.13938
Keywords
abscisic acid (ABA); Arabidopsis thaliana; Armadillo proteins; evolution; germination; moss; seed; spore
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Funding
- Leverhulme Trust [F/00094/BA]
- Royal Society-Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowship
- Birmingham Fellowship
- BBSRC [BB/D007550/1]
- NERC
- University of Birmingham
- BBSRC [BB/D007550/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/D007550/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Natural Environment Research Council [1137796] Funding Source: researchfish
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Armadillo-related proteins regulate development throughout eukaryotic kingdoms. In the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, Armadillo-related ARABIDILLO proteins promote multicellular root branching. ARABIDILLO homologues exist throughout land plants, including early-diverging species lacking true roots, suggesting that early-evolving ARABIDILLOs had additional biological roles. Here we investigated, using molecular genetics, the conservation and diversification of ARABIDILLO protein function in plants separated by c. 450 million years of evolution. We demonstrate that ARABIDILLO homologues in the moss Physcomitrella patens regulate a previously undiscovered inhibitory effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on spore germination. Furthermore, we show that A. thaliana ARABIDILLOs function similarly during seed germination. Early-diverging ARABIDILLO homologues from both P. patens and the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii can substitute for ARABIDILLO function during A. thaliana root development and seed germination. We conclude that (1) ABA was co-opted early in plant evolution to regulate functionally analogous processes in spore- and seed-producing plants and (2) plant ARABIDILLO germination functions were co-opted early into both gametophyte and sporophyte, with a specific rooting function evolving later in the land plant lineage.
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