Is it aortic stenosis or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction? The complementary role of four-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Summary: This review discusses emerging cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques and applications, such as four-dimensional flow CMR, diffusion tensor imaging, and hybrid positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance technology, which show promise for transitioning from research to clinical use in the near future.

Summary: This executive summary provides updated recommendations for clinicians on diagnosing and managing valvular heart disease. It includes new options for diagnosis and treatment, focusing on diagnostic work-up, surgical and catheter interventions, and medical therapy. Readers are referred to the full guideline for detailed information and rationale behind each recommendation.