Journal
NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS
Volume 65, Issue -, Pages 185-194Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.017
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Funding
- NIH
- Simons Autism Foundation
- Cancer Council of Victoria
- CRC for Mental Health
- Stanley Medical Research Foundation
- MBF
- NHMRC
- Beyond Blue
- Geelong Medical Research Foundation
- Bristol Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Organon
- Novartis
- Mayne Pharma
- Servier
- Brain and Behaviour Research Institute
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
- Australian Rotary Health
- Ian Potter Foundation
- Meat and Livestock Board
- University of Melbourne
- Stanley Medical Research Institute
- ARHRF
- Simons Foundation
- Fondation FondaMental
- NIMH [MH099431]
- Brain and Behavior Foundation
- Marion
- EH Flack Trust
- Deakin University
- Brazillian Society Mobility Program Lilly
- ASBD/Servier Grant
- John Cade Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council [APP1056929]
- NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship [628386]
- Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (NARSAD) Distinguished Investigator Award (US) [18722]
- Janssen Cilag
- BMS
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Schizophrenia risk has often been conceptualized using a model which requires two hits in order to generate the clinical phenotype the first as an early priming in a genetically predisposed individual and the second a likely environmental insult. The aim of this paper was to review the literature and reformulate this binary risk-vulnerability model. We sourced the data for this narrative review from the electronic database PUBMED. Our search terms were not limited by language or date of publication. The development of schizophrenia may be driven by genetic vulnerability interacting with multiple vulnerability factors including lowered prenatal vitamin D exposure, viral infections, smoking intelligence quotient, social cognition cannabis use, social defeat, nutrition and childhood trauma. It is likely that these genetic risks, environmental risks and vulnerability factors are cumulative and interactive with each other and with critical periods of neurodevelopmental vulnerability. The development of schizophrenia is likely to be more complex and nuanced than the binary two hit model originally proposed nearly thirty years ago. Risk appears influenced by a more complex process involving genetic risk interfacing with multiple potentially interacting hits and vulnerability factors occurring at key periods of neurodevelopmental activity, which culminate in the expression of disease state. These risks are common across a number of neuropsychiatric and medical disorders, which might inform common preventive and intervention strategies across non-communicable disorders. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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