Journal
CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS
Volume 44, Issue 9, Pages 2681-2701Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00300d
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Funding
- Australian Research Council
- National Nature Science Foundation of China [51302293]
- Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai [13ZR1463500]
- Shanghai Rising-Star Program [14QA1404100]
- Biomedical ECR Grant
- MOE [ARC 26/13, MOE2013-T2-1-034, RG 61/12, RGT18/13, RG5/13]
- Start-Up Grant in Singapore [M4080865.070.706022]
- National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office, Singapore
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The increasing demand of clinical biomedicine and fast development of nanobiotechnology has substantially promoted the generation of a variety of organic/inorganic nanosystems for biomedical applications. Biocompatible two-dimensional (2D) graphene analogues (e.g., nanosheets of transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxides, g-C3N4, Bi2Se3, BN, etc.), which are referred to as 2D-GAs, have emerged as a new unique family of nanomaterials that show unprecedented advantages and superior performances in biomedicine due to their unique compositional, structural and physicochemical features. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art progress of this dynamically developed material family with a particular focus on biomedical applications. After the introduction, the second section of the article summarizes a range of synthetic methods for new types of 2D-GAs as well as their surface functionalization. The subsequent section provides a snapshot on the use of these biocompatible 2D-GAs for a broad spectrum of biomedical applications, including therapeutic (photothermal/photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy and synergistic therapy), diagnostic (fluorescent/magnetic resonance/computed tomography/photoacoustic imaging) and theranostic (concurrent diagnostic imaging and therapy) applications, especially on oncology. In addition, we briefly present the biosensing applications of these 2D-GAs for the detection of biomacromolecules and their in vitro/in vivo biosafety evaluations. The last section summarizes some critical unresolved issues, possible challenges/obstacles and also proposes future perspectives related to the rational design and construction of 2D-GAs for biomedical engineering, which are believed to promote their clinical translations for benefiting the personalized medicine and human health.
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