Leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activities of the formononetin (a natural isoflavone) against Leishmania tropica

ObjectiveThis work aimed to examine the leishmanicidal, cellular mechanisms and cytotoxicity effects of formononetin (FMN), a natural isoflavone, against Leishmania tropica. We used the MTT assay to determine the leishmanicidal effects of FMN against promastigotes and its cytotoxicity effects on J774-A1 macrophage cells. The Griess reaction assay and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the nitric oxide (NO) and the mRNA expression levels of IFN-& gamma; and iNOS in infected J774-A1 macrophage cells.ResultsFMN significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the viability and number of promastigotes and amastigotes forms. The 50% inhibitory concentrations value for FMN and glucantime was 9.3 and 14.3 & mu;M for promastigote and amastigote, respectively. We found that the macrophages exposed with FMN especially at concentrations of 1/2 IC50 and IC50 significantly activated the NO release and the mRNA expression levels of IFN-& gamma;, iNOS. The findings of the current research showed the favorable antileishmanial effects formononetin, a natural isoflavone, against various stages of L. tropica through inhibition of infectivity rate of macrophage cells and triggering the NO production and cellular immunity. However, supplementary works are essential to evaluate the ability and safety of FMN in animal model before use in the clinical phase.

Automated summary

This study aimed to investigate the leishmanicidal effects, cellular mechanisms, and cytotoxicity of formononetin (FMN) against Leishmania tropica. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the leishmanicidal effects of FMN on promastigotes, and its cytotoxicity effects on J774-A1 macrophage cells were examined. The levels of nitric oxide (NO), IFN-γ, and iNOS mRNA expression in infected J774-A1 macrophage cells were determined using the Griess reaction assay and quantitative real-time PCR.