Journal
NEUROMOLECULAR MEDICINE
Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages 474-482Publisher
HUMANA PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8410-1
Keywords
Aged garlic extract; S-allyl-L-cysteine; N-alpha-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-L-arginine; Botanical compounds; Neuroinflammation; Neurodegenerative diseases
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Funding
- Missouri Consortium from the National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS) [5P01ES016738-02]
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences research fund at University of Missouri
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) [P50AT006273]
- Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS)
- National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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Garlic (Allium sativum) is used for culinary and medicinal purposes in diverse cultures worldwide. When fresh garlic is soaked in aqueous ethanol under ambient environment over 4 months or longer, the majority of irritating taste and odor is eliminated and the antioxidant profile in the resulting aged garlic extract (AGE) changes significantly. Recently, AGE and its components have been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and cerebral ischemia. Because of its health supporting potential, there is increasing interest in understanding the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the underlying mechanisms for its protective effects in heath and disease. There is evidence for AGE to exert its action on distinct signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, although the primary molecular mechanisms remain unclear. By utilizing quantitative proteomic approaches, we demonstrated that AGE and two of its major ingredients, S-allyl-L-cysteine and N-alpha-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-L-arginine, can attenuate neuroinflammatory responses in microglial cells through modulation of Nrf2-mediated signaling as well as other oxidative stress-related pathways. These experimental data provide information for the molecular targets of AGE and its components to mitigate neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation and show a promising potential of these compounds as dietary supplements for health maintenance.
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