Journal
NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE
Volume 85, Issue -, Pages 245-253Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.028
Keywords
Astrocyte; Stroke; Hormones; Estrogen; Progesterone; Glutamate; Excitotoxicity; Neuroinflammation; IGF-1; VEGF; MicroRNA; Epigenetics; HDAC; H3K4me3; Methylation; Oxidative stress; GFAP; Sex differences; Blood-brain barrier
Categories
Funding
- [NIH/AG042189]
- [NIH/N5074895]
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE [R56NS074895, R01NS074895] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING [RF1AG042189, R01AG042189] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Ischemic stroke occurs more often among the elderly, and within this demographic, women are at an increased risk for stroke and have poorer functional recovery than men. This is also well replicated in animal studies where aging females are shown to have more extensive brain tissue loss as compared to adult females. Astrocytes provide nutrients for neurons, regulate glutamate levels, and release neurotrophins and thus play a key role in the events that occur following ischemia. In addition, astrocytes express receptors for gonadal hormones and synthesize several neurosteroids suggesting that the sex differences in stroke outcome may be mediated through astrocytes. This review discusses key astrocytic responses to ischemia including, reactive gliosis, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. In light of the age and sex differences in stroke outcomes, this review highlights how aging and gonadal hormones influence these responses. Lastly, astrocyte specific changes in gene expression and epigenetic modifications during aging and following ischemia are discussed as possible molecular mechanisms for impaired astrocytic functioning. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Inc.
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