Introduction: No Echo Chambers, No Filter Bubbles: The Tactical Use of Social Media in Social Movements

Summary: This article investigates how disinformation circulates on social media by embedding adversarial narratives in identity-driven controversies. The study reports on the flat Earth echo chamber on YouTube and shows how disinformation spreads through identity-based grievances. The study proposes a two-phase framework for the circulation of disinformation on social media and provides a definition for disinformation. The findings have implications for policy makers in addressing the spread of disinformation on social media.