Biological importance of human amniotic membrane in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

The human amniotic membrane (hAM) is the innermost layer of the placenta. Its distinctive structure and the biological and physical characteristics make it a highly biocompatible material in a variety of regenerative medicine applications. It also acts as a supply of bioactive factors and cells, which indicate the advantages over other tissues. In this review, we firstly discussed the biological properties of hAM-derived cells in vivo or in vitro, along with their stemness of markers, pointing out a promising source of stem cells for regenerative medicine. Then, we systematically summarized current knowledge on the collection, preparation, preservation, and decellularization of hAM, as well as their characteristics helping to improve the understanding of applications in tissue engineering. Finally, we highlighted the recent advances in which hAM has undergone additional modi-fications to achieve an adequate perspective of regenerative medicine applications. More investigations are required in utilizing appropriate modifications to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of hAM in the future.

Automated summary

This article reviews the potential and characteristics of the human amniotic membrane (hAM) in regenerative medicine applications. Firstly, the biological properties and stemness markers of hAM-derived cells are discussed, highlighting hAM as a promising source of stem cells. Then, current knowledge on the collection, preparation, preservation, and decellularization of hAM is systematically summarized, along with their roles in tissue engineering applications. Finally, the recent advances and modifications of hAM in regenerative medicine are highlighted, emphasizing the need for further research to enhance therapeutic effectiveness.