Effect of Aging on the Immune Response to Core Vaccines in Senior and Geriatric Dogs

Simple Summary Elderly dogs are increasingly present in households worldwide and have become routine patients in daily veterinary practice, with larger dogs aging earlier than smaller ones. Aging is not a disease but has several negative consequences on the organism in general and the immune system in particular, resulting in a decline in protection over time. Vaccines against parvovirus infection, distemper, and infectious hepatitis are highly recommended for dogs of any age, but their effectiveness in older dogs should not be assumed. The aim of this study was to measure the specific serum antibody titers against these vaccine-preventable diseases in three hundred fifty senior and geriatric dogs with the help of the rapid kit VacciCheck. More than half of the elderly population was well protected from all three diseases. Particularly, 88.6% of aging dogs were protected against parvovirus infection (in this case, larger aging dogs resulted as more protected than smaller ones), 82.3% against infectious hepatitis, and 66.0% against distemper. The advice to vaccinate on a three-year basis, properly adopted for adult dogs, should therefore be carefully considered by veterinarians for older dogs, for whom closer vaccination (every 1 to 2 years) might be more appropriate. Elderly dogs are steadily increasing worldwide as well as veterinarians' and owners' interest in their health and wellness. Aging is not a disease, but a combination of changes negatively affecting the organism in general and the immune system in particular, resulting in a decline in protection over time. The aim of this study was to measure the specific serum antibody titers against the main dangerous and widespread viral diseases preventable by core vaccinations in senior and geriatric dogs using the in-practice test VacciCheck. A cohort of three hundred fifty elderly dogs was analyzed for Protective Antibody Titers (PATs) against CPV-2, CDV and CAdV-1. The age ranged from 5 to 19 years, with two hundred fifty-eight seniors (73.7%) and ninety-two geriatrics (26.3%), and 97.4% of them were vaccinated at least once in their lives. More than half of the entire study population (52.9%) had PATs simultaneously for all three diseases, with 80.5% seniors and 19.5% geriatrics. Specific PATs were found in 88.6% of aging dogs for CPV-2, 82.3% for CadV-1 and 66.0% for CDV, demonstrating that unprotected aging dogs represent a minority. Unexpectedly, the larger elderly dogs resulted as more protected than smaller ones for CPV-2. Protection then decreases over time, with geriatric dogs less protected than senior ones. Veterinary practitioners should therefore always consider whether to maintain core vaccinations in aging dogs as in adults on a three-year basis or opt instead for closer boosters (every 1 or 2 years). PATs for core vaccines could then represent a good biomarker of protection and their titration could become a standard of care, especially in such a sensitive period of the dogs' life.

Automated summary

This study measured the specific serum antibody titers against vaccine-preventable diseases in elderly dogs and found that more than half of the population were well protected. The larger elderly dogs were shown to be more protected than smaller ones. The study suggests considering closer vaccination for older dogs.