4.6 Review

Opportunistic Infections and Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Administering Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Review Oncology

Thermal immuno-nanomedicine in cancer

Zhe Yang et al.

Summary: Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but promoting antitumour immunity in patients with resistant tumours remains a challenge. Thermal therapies offer a promising approach by reprogramming the tumour microenvironment and promoting immune cell recruitment. This review summarizes the role of thermal therapies in combination with immunotherapies, as well as the development of thermal immuno-nanomedicines for cancer treatment.

NATURE REVIEWS CLINICAL ONCOLOGY (2023)

Article Oncology

First-line atezolizumab/durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide combined with radiotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer

Lijuan Li et al.

Summary: This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of chemoimmunotherapy combined with thoracic radiotherapy in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). A total of 36 patients with ES-SCLC received this treatment modality at one hospital. The results showed that this treatment approach is safe and has good survival outcomes.

BMC CANCER (2023)

Editorial Material Oncology

Immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations-current and emerging strategies

Robert J. J. Walsh et al.

Summary: In an effort to address resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors, researchers are exploring combination therapies. The novel ICI doublet presented by Desai and colleagues, along with emerging strategies, offer potential for improved patient outcomes and pave the way for future trial design.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER (2023)

Article Oncology

Adjuvant durvalumab after concurrent chemoradiotherapy for patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC harbouring uncommon genomic alterations

Francesco Cortiula et al.

Summary: Adjuvant durvalumab is the standard treatment for stage III unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients without progression after chemo-radiation. Patients with EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements do not benefit from durvalumab. This retrospective study showed that patients with uncommon driver genomic alterations (dGA), including KRAS mutations, had a meaningful survival benefit from adjuvant durvalumab.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER (2023)

Article Oncology

Phase I Trial of Combination Therapy With Avelumab and Cabozantinib in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Haoran Li et al.

Summary: This phase I trial evaluated the safety and clinical activity of combined therapy with avelumab and cabozantinib in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The results demonstrated that this combination therapy is safe and showed positive clinical responses in some patients.

ONCOLOGIST (2023)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Clinical outcome and biomarker assessments of a multi-centre phase II trial assessing niraparib with or without dostarlimab in recurrent endometrial carcinoma

Ainhoa Madariaga et al.

Summary: This phase II trial evaluated the efficacy of niraparib monotherapy or in combination with dostarlimab in patients with recurrent serous or endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. The results showed that niraparib monotherapy did not meet the efficacy threshold, but the combination with dostarlimab showed modest activity. Limited treatment options and poor response rates to chemotherapy are challenges in recurrent endometrial carcinoma.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2023)

Article Oncology

Isatuximab in combination with cemiplimab in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: A phase 1/2 study

Alexander Lesokhin et al.

Summary: This study aimed to determine whether cemiplimab enhances the anti-myeloma activity of isatuximab in RRMM patients and evaluate its safety. The results showed that although the combination of cemiplimab and isatuximab had a certain effect in patients, the differences were not statistically significant and did not improve progression-free or overall survival. Therefore, adding cemiplimab to the isatuximab treatment regimen only has marginal benefits.

CANCER MEDICINE (2023)

Article Oncology

Avelumab for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma-A multicenter real-world experience in Israel

Itamar Averbuch et al.

Summary: This study aimed to assess the real-world evidence of avelumab's effectiveness in a diverse group of patients with MCC in Israel. The study found that avelumab was effective and safe for the treatment of advanced MCC, including some immune-suppressed patients. Further research is needed to evaluate the optimal sequence and duration of treatment and the potential role of avelumab for earlier stages of MCC.

CANCER MEDICINE (2023)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Efficacy and safety of a triple combination of atezolizumab, bevacizumab plus GEMOX for advanced biliary tract cancer: a multicenter, single-arm, retrospective study

Kang Wang et al.

Summary: This study investigates the efficacy and safety of atezolizumab, bevacizumab, and GEMOX combination therapy in advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC) and explores potential biomarkers related to treatment response. The results show that the triple combination therapy is effective and safe for advanced BTC patients. Additionally, ALS2CL may serve as a potential predictive biomarker for the efficacy of this combination therapy.

THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN GASTROENTEROLOGY (2023)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Current Status in Rechallenge of Immunotherapy

Han Hu et al.

Summary: The treatment of malignant tumors with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has brought significant benefits, but some patients may discontinue treatment. This study suggests that ICI rechallenge could be an effective clinical strategy, with factors such as patient characteristics, treatment strategy selection, and timing influencing its efficacy.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2023)

Editorial Material Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Gastrointestinal: Pembrolizumab-induced gastric ulcer occurring as an immune-related adverse event

K. Terasaki et al.

JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2022)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments

Gabor Tamas Szabo et al.

Summary: Since the discovery of the advantages of mRNA vaccines nearly 30 years ago, significant progress has been made in this field. The development of COVID-19 vaccines using mRNA technology has achieved unprecedented success globally, demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines in combating COVID-19 and highlighting their potential for other infectious diseases and medical conditions.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2022)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Relatlimab and Nivolumab versus Nivolumab in Untreated Advanced Melanoma

Hussein A. Tawbi et al.

Summary: LAG-3 and PD-1 are two distinct inhibitory immune checkpoints that contribute to T-cell exhaustion. The combination of relatlimab and nivolumab has been shown to be safe and effective in previously treated melanoma patients, and this study aimed to evaluate its safety and activity in previously untreated melanoma patients. The results demonstrated that the combination therapy provided a greater benefit in terms of progression-free survival compared to nivolumab alone, without any new safety signals.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

Review Respiratory System

Infections due to dysregulated immunity: an emerging complication of cancer immunotherapy

Tommaso Morelli et al.

Summary: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have greatly impacted cancer treatment, but immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and infections caused by immunosuppression are common issues. However, some infections can be triggered by ICIs without immunosuppressive treatment, characterized by dysregulated immune responses. A new framework is needed to consider such infections in the context of cancer immunotherapy.

THORAX (2022)

Review Oncology

Clinical Evaluation of Avelumab in the Treatment of Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: Focus on Patient Selection and Outcomes

Jennifer E. Ten Eyck et al.

Summary: Avelumab is an effective option as a maintenance therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma after platinum-based chemotherapy failure or in platinum-ineligible patients, with increased overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). This review summarizes the clinical use of avelumab in treating advanced urothelial carcinoma, focusing on patient selection and outcomes. Ongoing studies will provide valuable insights into optimizing avelumab therapy in combination with chemotherapies and/or immunotherapies, better characterization of response for PD-L1 positive tumors, and clinically validated prognostic factors to improve patient outcomes.

CANCER MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH (2022)

Article Oncology

Safety and antitumor activity of dostarlimab in patients with advanced or recurrent DNA mismatch repair deficient/microsatellite instability-high (dMMR/MSI-H) or proficient/stable (MMRp/MSS) endometrial cancer: interim results from GARNET - a phase I, single-arm study

Ana Oaknin et al.

Summary: Dostarlimab demonstrated durable antitumor activity in patients with endometrial cancer, with a manageable safety profile.

JOURNAL FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER (2022)

Review Dermatology

Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Skin Toxicity Pathogenesis

Barbara Ma et al.

Summary: Immune checkpoint blockade has revolutionized the treatment of various tumors, but it can lead to immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in the skin. This article reviews the reasons for using immune checkpoint blockade, current drugs, their applications in skin cancers, autoimmune manifestations in the skin, and the lack of preclinical modeling in this area.

JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY (2022)

Review Immunology

Increased Tuberculosis Incidence Due to Immunotherapy Based on PD-1 and PD-L1 Blockade: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Kewei Liu et al.

Summary: The study aimed to determine the incidence of tuberculosis reactivation in cancer patients undergoing PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy. The results showed a significantly increased risk of TB in patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, with the estimated rate being 35 times higher than that in the general population.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Immunosuppressant Therapies in COVID-19: Is the TNF Axis an Alternative?

Yadira Palacios et al.

Summary: This study aims to discuss the roles of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its receptors (TNFRs) in the pro-inflammatory stage of COVID-19 and reposition them as potential therapeutic targets.

PHARMACEUTICALS (2022)

Review Oncology

Pembrolizumab-induced aseptic meningitis in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer: A case report and literature review of aseptic meningitis as an immune-related adverse event

Genki Inui et al.

Summary: This article presents a case study of a patient who developed aseptic meningitis during pembrolizumab treatment, and provides a review of related literature. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is an important method for diagnosing aseptic meningitis, and the possibility of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) should be considered in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) who experience non-specific symptoms.

MOLECULAR AND CLINICAL ONCOLOGY (2022)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

PD-1 Blockade in Mismatch Repair-Deficient, Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Andrea Cercek et al.

Summary: This study found that mismatch repair-deficient, locally advanced rectal cancer is highly sensitive to PD-1 blockade. Additionally, no adverse events of grade 3 or higher have been reported, and no cases of progression or recurrence have been observed. Longer follow-up is needed to assess the duration of response.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

Review Microbiology

The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia

Anna Apostolopoulou et al.

Summary: Pneumocystis jiroveci is an important fungal pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. The environmental reservoir remains unknown. Pneumonia mainly occurs through airborne transmission, with the highest incidence within 6 months after organ transplantation and in patients with intensified or prolonged immunosuppression. Despite being well-established, the pathogenesis of PJP remains poorly understood.

JOURNAL OF FUNGI (2022)

Article Oncology

An Usual Presentation of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in a Woman Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor

Stephanie Si et al.

Summary: This case report emphasizes the importance of judicious infectious disease evaluation during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, as symptoms can often mimic immune-related adverse events. Additionally, it underscores the need to carefully weigh the benefits of immunosuppressive therapy for presumptive adverse events against the potential risk of opportunistic infections.

JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY (2021)

Review Oncology

Tuberculosis following programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitor in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer. Case report and literature review

Aasir M. Suliman et al.

Summary: The reactivation of latent tuberculosis during the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is increasingly recognized. We presented a case of a lung cancer patient who developed pulmonary tuberculosis after receiving Pembrolizumab, highlighting the importance of monitoring for this potential complication.

CANCER IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNOTHERAPY (2021)

Article Dermatology

Immune checkpoint-mediated psoriasis: A multicenter European study of 115 patients from the European Network for Cutaneous Adverse Event to Oncologic Drugs (ENCADO) group

Vasiliki Nikolaou et al.

Summary: This study retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 115 patients with ICI-mediated psoriasis, proposed a new management algorithm, and summarized the severity of the disease, treatment methods, as well as the proportion of interruption and permanent discontinuation of ICI therapy. The study found that patients with a body surface area greater than 10% had an increased risk of modifications to ICI treatment, while guttate psoriasis and disease severity were predictors of antitumor response to ICI.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Cancer Immunotherapy Update: FDA-Approved Checkpoint Inhibitors and Companion Diagnostics

Julianne D. Twomey et al.

Summary: ICIs, targeting PD-1 or PD-L1, have become a new standard-of-care for many cancer indications, approved by the FDA. This review focuses on their clinical indications, companion diagnostics, and strategies for identifying predictive biomarkers for guiding their clinical use.

AAPS JOURNAL (2021)

Article Engineering, Biomedical

Immune checkpoint inhibition in syngeneic mouse cancer models by a silicasome nanocarrier delivering a GSK3 inhibitor

Sean D. Allen et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the effective use of encapsulated GSK3 inhibitor AZD1080 in improving drug delivery to tumor sites and promoting cytotoxicity against tumor cells by CD8(+) T-cells. The therapeutic efficacy of encapsulated AZD1080 was similar or even better than anti-PD-1 antibody, with the added benefit of lacking treatment toxicity.

BIOMATERIALS (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study

Sara Y. Tartof et al.

Summary: This study aimed to assess the overall and variant-specific effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19-related hospital admissions among members of a healthcare system in California. The effectiveness of the vaccine remained high against hospital admissions even up to 6 months after full vaccination, despite a decline in effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections over time, which was likely due to waning immunity rather than the delta variant escaping vaccine protection.

LANCET (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A novel mouse model for checkpoint inhibitor-induced adverse events

Kieran Adam et al.

Summary: Researchers developed a mouse model to study inflammatory toxicities in response to dual checkpoint blockade, finding that mice from different genetic backgrounds showed varying degrees of adverse events when treated with anti-PD-1 and CTLA-4 antibodies.

PLOS ONE (2021)

Article Oncology

Pembrolizumab-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency in Patients with Untreated Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Series

Kei Sonehara et al.

Summary: Pembrolizumab-induced adrenal insufficiency is a rare immune-related adverse event in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. This study showed that all patients improved after corticosteroid replacement therapy, with some patients achieving partial response. The efficacy of pembrolizumab in treating adrenal insufficiency as an immune-related adverse event was demonstrated.

CASE REPORTS IN ONCOLOGY (2021)

Article Oncology

LAG-3 Blockade with Relatlimab (BMS-986016) Restores Anti-Leukemic Responses in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Christian Sordo-Bahamonde et al.

Summary: The dysregulation of LAG-3 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) correlates with poor prognosis, and treatment with anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody relatlimab may restore anti-tumor immune responses.

CANCERS (2021)

Review Immunology

Reactivation of latent tuberculosis with TNF inhibitors: critical role of the beta 2 chain of the IL-12 receptor

Marie Robert et al.

Summary: TNF inhibitors have greatly improved the treatment of various diseases but may also increase the risk of latent TB infection. Screening for latent TB infection in patients during treatment is essential for optimal safety.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Oncology

Risk of tuberculosis in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a nationwide observational study

Seongman Bae et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the risk of tuberculosis in cancer patients exposed to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in South Korea using National Health Insurance claims data. While the incidence of TB was eightfold higher in cancer patients exposed to ICIs compared to the general population, the risk of developing TB did not significantly differ between cancer patients exposed to ICIs and those who were not exposed.

JOURNAL FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Therapeutic Effects of Pembrolizumab Combined with Paclitaxel and Cisplatin Chemotherapy on Advanced Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Influencing Factors

Gang Wu

Summary: The study showed that pembrolizumab combined with paclitaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy regimen can improve the short-term efficacy and long-term prognosis of patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Severe pulmonary infections complicating nivolumab treatment for lung cancer: a report of two cases

Valentine Inthasot et al.

ACTA CLINICA BELGICA (2020)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

S2686 A Rare Case of Atezolizumab-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Arjun Khadilkar et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2020)

Article Oncology

Multiorgan Immune-Related Adverse Events During Treatment With Atezolizumab

Ganessan Kichenadasse et al.

JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE CANCER NETWORK (2020)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Pembrolizumab in Microsatellite-Instability-High Advanced Colorectal Cancer

T. Andre et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Pulmonary Toxicity: Focus on Nivolumab

Hazim Bukamur et al.

SOUTHERN MEDICAL JOURNAL (2020)

Article Respiratory System

Destroyed lung due to sustained inflammation after chemoradiotherapy followed by durvalumab

Kageaki Taima et al.

RESPIROLOGY CASE REPORTS (2020)

Article Cell Biology

Tuberculosis following PD-1 blockade for cancer immunotherapy

Daniel L. Barber et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2019)

Review Immunology

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy for cancer: An overview of FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors

Kristian M. Hargadon et al.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2018)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Pembrolizumab-induced acute thrombosis: A case report

Kei Kunimasa et al.

MEDICINE (2018)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

PD-1 Blockade with Cemiplimab in Advanced Cutaneous Squamous-Cell Carcinoma

M. R. Migden et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2018)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade

Michael A. Postow et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2018)

Review Oncology

Avelumab: A Review in Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Matt Shirley

TARGETED ONCOLOGY (2018)

Review Dermatology

Dermatologic Reactions to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Skin Toxicities and Immunotherapy

Vincent Sibaud

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY (2018)

Letter Dermatology

Anti-PD1-induced psoriasis: a study of 21 patients

J. Bonigen et al.

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY (2017)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Overall Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma

J. D. Wolchok et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2017)

Letter Oncology

Nivolumab-induced asthma in a patient with non-small-cell lung cancer

K. Maeno et al.

ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY (2017)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

The phosphoproteome of human Jurkat T cell clones upon costimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies

Tien Dung Nguyen et al.

JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS (2016)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Pembrolizumab versus Chemotherapy for PD-L1-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Martin Reck et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2016)

Review Oncology

Toxicities of the anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint antibodies

J. Naidoo et al.

ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY (2015)

Article Oncology

Nivolumab: targeting PD-1 to bolster antitumor immunity

Julie R. Brahmer et al.

FUTURE ONCOLOGY (2015)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Anti-PD-1-Related Pneumonitis during Cancer Immunotherapy

Mizuki Nishino et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2015)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Edward B. Garon et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2015)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

PD-1 Blockade with Nivolumab in Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Stephen M. Ansell et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2015)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma

J. Larkin et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2015)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

CEACAM1 regulates TIM-3-mediated tolerance and exhaustion

Yu-Hwa Huang et al.

NATURE (2015)

Review Dermatology

Ipilimumab in patients with cancer and the management of dermatologic adverse events

Mario E. Lacouture et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY (2014)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Tim-3 Expression in Cervical Cancer Promotes Tumor Metastasis

Yang Cao et al.

PLOS ONE (2013)

Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

ITIM-dependent negative signaling pathways for the control of cell-mediated xenogeneic immune responses

Maria-Luisa del Rio et al.

XENOTRANSPLANTATION (2013)

Article Oncology

Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Kinetics of Response With Ipilimumab

Jeffrey S. Weber et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY (2012)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Bat3 promotes T cell responses and autoimmunity by repressing Tim-3-mediated cell death and exhaustion

Manu Rangachari et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2012)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Phosphotyrosine-Dependent Coupling of Tim-3 to T-Cell Receptor Signaling Pathways

Judong Lee et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY (2011)

Article Mycology

Airborne Aspergillus fumigatus conidia: a risk factor for aspergillosis

Céline M. O’Gorman

Fungal Biology Reviews (2011)

Article Immunology

PD-1 deficiency results in the development of fatal myocarditis in MRL mice

Jian Wang et al.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY (2010)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Sipuleucel-T Immunotherapy for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Philip W. Kantoff et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2010)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Programmed death-1 (PD-1)-deficient mice are extraordinarily sensitive to tuberculosis

Eszter Lazar-Molnar et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2010)

Article Cell Biology

Structural Biology of the T-cell Receptor: Insights into Receptor Assembly, Ligand Recognition, and Initiation of Signaling

Kai W. Wucherpfennig et al.

COLD SPRING HARBOR PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY (2010)

Review Immunology

T-cell regulation by CD28 and CTLA-4

ML Alegre et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2001)