Journal
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
Volume 6, Issue 19, Pages 10005-10011Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.3c01593
Keywords
cathode materials; crystalline; amorphous; FeF3; lithium potential; conversionelectrode; sputtering deposition
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FeF3 is a promising conversion cathode material that can achieve high specific capacity and stable electrochemical performance. Thin-film FeF3 conversion cathodes were developed using the sputtering deposition technique, and their chemistry, stoichiometry, and performance were characterized. The high-density, crystalline FeF3 showed higher lithiation potential compared to the low-density, amorphous FeF3.
FeF3 (iron(III) fluoride) is a promising conversion cathode material that possesses a theoretical specific capacity of 712 mAh/g, which is significantly higher than those of commercial layered cathodes, and it paves the way for realizing Co-free, low-cost advanced batteries for portable electronics, transportation, and grids. Here, we report the development of thin-film FeF3 conversion cathodes by the sputtering deposition technique. The chemistry and stoichiometry of the sputtered FeF3 thin films are confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Through controlling the substrate temperatures (25-600 C-degrees) of the sputtering deposition, amorphous and crystalline FeF3 samples were developed, characterized, and evaluated for electrochemical performance. FeF3 thin-film electrodes exhibit high initial capacity that is close to the theoretical capacity; after 100 cycles, FeF3 electrodes deposited between 100 and 600(degrees)C show stable cycling performance from 31.7 to 59.3% compared to the initial capacity. Moreover, we investigate the relationship between the density, crystallinity, and lithiation potentials of the deposited FeF3 thin-film cathodes and report that the high-density, crystalline FeF3 exhibits a higher lithiation potential (Delta of similar to 0.43 V) than the low-density, amorphous FeF3 . The development of sputtered thin-film FeF3 presents an opportunity for thin-film battery fabrication and processing.
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