Probing surface wetting across multiple force, length and time scales

Surface wetting describes the interaction between a solid surface and a liquid droplet, the dynamics of which govern the performance of functional surfaces for nanoscience and industrial applications. Here, the authors review how a combination of new surface characterization techniques allows the probing of surface wettability in greater detail compared to conventional methods (e.g., contact angle measurement). Surface wetting is a multiscale phenomenon where properties at the macroscale are determined by features at much smaller length scales, such as nanoscale surface topographies. Traditionally, the wetting of surfaces is quantified by the macroscopic contact angle that a liquid droplet makes, but this approach suffers from various limitations. In recent years, several techniques have been developed to address these shortcomings, ranging from direct measurements of pinning forces using cantilever-based force probes to atomic force microscopy methods. In this review, we will discuss how these new techniques allow for the probing of surface wetting properties in far greater detail. Advances in surface characterization techniques will improve our understanding of surface wetting and facilitate the design of functional surfaces and materials, including for antifogging and antifouling applications.

Automated summary

Surface wetting, the interaction between a solid surface and a liquid droplet, plays a crucial role in nanoscience and industrial applications. This review explores how new surface characterization techniques have improved our understanding of surface wettability compared to traditional methods. The authors discuss various techniques, such as cantilever-based force probes and atomic force microscopy, that allow for a more detailed analysis of surface wetting properties. These advances in surface characterization techniques will contribute to the development of functional surfaces and materials for antifogging and antifouling applications.