4.7 Review

A Comprehensive Review on Monkeypox Viral Disease with Potential Diagnostics and Therapeutic Options

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Article Virology

Re-emerging human monkeypox: A major public-health debacle

Shailendra K. Saxena et al.

Summary: A multicountry outbreak of monkeypox virus has led to 250 confirmed human cases globally. Monkeypox, caused by the Monkeypox virus, is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals, animals, or contaminated materials. It is a self-limiting infection, with symptoms lasting 2-4 weeks and a case fatality ratio of 3%-6%. Complications may include pneumonitis, encephalitis, keratitis, and bacterial infections. Antiviral treatment and vaccines developed for smallpox also show efficacy against monkeypox.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2023)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Monkeypox

Oriol Mitja et al.

Summary: Monkeypox is a zoonotic illness caused by the monkeypox virus, mainly found in west and central Africa. In 2022, it became a Public Health Emergency of International Concern due to its unprecedented global spread outside Africa. The disease primarily spreads through close intimate contact, with most cases diagnosed among men who have sex with men.

LANCET (2023)

Editorial Material Ophthalmology

Ophthalmic manifestations of monkeypox virus

Abdelaziz Abdelaal et al.

Article Immunology

Geographic Structuring and Divergence Time Frame of Monkeypox Virus in the Endemic Region

Diego Forni et al.

Summary: This study explores the evolution and geographic patterns of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) in Central and West Africa. The results show that the two major clades of MPXV have distinct histories, possibly due to differences in ecology. The study also reveals geographic structuring of MPXV diversity and suggests that the separation of major lineages occurred during a period of rainforest coverage changes.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

Letter Infectious Diseases

First case of monkeypox virus, SARS-CoV-2 and HIV co-infection

Santi Nolasco et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2023)

Review Clinical Neurology

Monkeypox virus from neurological complications to neuroinvasive properties: current status and future perspectives

Ali Sepehrinezhad et al.

Summary: The number of monkeypox cases is rapidly increasing worldwide. Despite efforts to manage the initial symptoms, such as skin lesions and flu-like symptoms, the effects of the monkeypox virus on multiple organs remain unclear. Recent findings show neurological symptoms in patients and experimental studies suggest that the virus can invade the central nervous system through neuroinvasive mechanisms. This highlights the importance of understanding the neuroinvasive potential and neurological manifestations of MPXV.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2023)

Article Infectious Diseases

Viral loads in clinical samples of men with monkeypox virus infection: a French case series

Romain Palich et al.

Summary: This study describes the distribution of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) in the human body, and the results show that the virus is more frequently detected and has higher viral loads in the skin, anus, and throat. These findings suggest that transmission most likely occurs through direct body contact.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

An Overview of Antivirals against Monkeypox Virus and Other Orthopoxviruses

Jun Wang et al.

Summary: The current monkeypox outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic have sparked renewed interest in antiviral drugs for orthopoxviruses. This perspective aims to summarize the antiviral activity, mechanism of action, and resistance mechanisms of orthopoxvirus antivirals to facilitate the development of additional drugs. The goal is to provide insights for medicinal chemists to prioritize drug targets and candidates for further development, thereby speeding up the discovery of orthopoxvirus antiviral drugs.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2023)

Review Biology

Clinical Manifestation, Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review

Faheem Anwar et al.

Summary: Monkeypox virus is a zoonotic double-stranded DNA virus that causes disease in humans and mammals. It is associated with the smallpox virus and has been reported in various regions of Africa and the Northern and western hemispheres. This review focuses on the taxonomic classification, clinical presentations, and pathogenicity of the monkeypox virus in humans, as well as different diagnostic methods used for virus detection.

LIFE-BASEL (2023)

Article Immunology

Exportation of Monkeypox Virus From the African Continent

Matthew R. Mauldin et al.

Summary: There is no direct linkage between the individuals who exported the monkeypox cases from Nigeria, but there is limited genetic variation among the viruses, suggesting a possible common source or independent infections within a small geographic area.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

Article Tropical Medicine

The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review

Eveline M. Bunge et al.

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Transmission dynamics of Monkeypox virus: a mathematical modelling approach

Olumuyiwa James Peter et al.

Summary: Monkeypox, caused by the monkeypox virus, occurs in remote regions of Central and West Africa near tropical rainforests. A mathematical model was developed to analyze the virus, showing both local and global stability conditions for disease-free and endemic equilibria. The model also reveals the importance of isolating infected individuals to reduce disease transmission.

MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT (2022)

Article Infectious Diseases

Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK

Hugh Adler et al.

Summary: This study retrospectively observed the clinical course of monkeypox in seven patients in the UK from 2018 to 2021. The study found that prolonged PCR positivity led to isolation of five patients for more than 3 weeks. Three patients treated with brincidofovir developed elevated liver enzymes, leading to termination of the therapy. One patient treated with tecovirimat experienced no adverse effects and had a shorter duration of viral shedding and illness compared to the other six patients.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Monkeypox: Key questions answered

Michael Le Page

NEW SCIENTIST (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Monkeypox on the rise

Jason Arunn Murugesu

NEW SCIENTIST (2022)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Monkeypox in a Traveler Returning from Nigeria — Dallas, Texas, July 2021

Agam K. Rao et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2022)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Narrative on Hydrogen Therapy and its Clinical Applications: Safety and Efficacy

Aqeel Ahmad et al.

Summary: This article discusses the therapeutic potential of molecular hydrogen in various diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, hematological, metabolic, infectious, and neurodegenerative disorders. It also explores the molecular mechanisms and nanotechnological implications of hydrogen therapy, and provides insights into advancements and automation, future perspectives, and recommendations.

CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN (2022)

Review Microbiology

Insights into the monkeypox virus: Making of another pandemic within the pandemic?

Jatin Chadha et al.

Summary: While the world is still grappling with the COVID-19 pandemic, another viral disease, monkeypox, has emerged as a global threat. Monkeypox, previously limited to African countries, has now spread to non-endemic regions. The recent outbreak has raised concerns about the origins, biological implications, and management of the disease.

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

Review Virology

Reassessment of Evidence about Coinfection of Chickenpox and Monkeypox (Mpox) in African Children

Ola Khallafallah et al.

Summary: In West and Central Africa, monkeypox primarily affects older children, adolescents, and young adults. Coinfections of chickenpox and monkeypox have been observed, suggesting that chickenpox may be a risk factor for acquiring monkeypox. The hypothesis is that the skin lesions from chickenpox provide an entry site for the monkeypox virus, which is present in the patient's environment. Additionally, prior chickenpox infection moderates the severity of the secondary monkeypox infection.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

Article Infectious Diseases

Estimated incubation period for monkeypox cases confirmed in the Netherlands, May 2022

Fuminari Miura et al.

Summary: Based on 18 confirmed monkeypox cases in the Netherlands, the average incubation period was found to be 8.5 days, supporting the recommendation to monitor or isolate/quarantine case contacts for 21 days. Further epidemiological investigations are needed to confirm potential differences in the incubation period between different transmission routes.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

Article Virology

Clinical characteristics and comparison of longitudinal qPCR results from different specimen types in a cohort of ambulatory and hospitalized patients infected with monkeypox virus.

Dominik Noerz et al.

Summary: This study compared clinical data with longitudinal qPCR results in male monkeypox virus-infected patients. The findings showed the reliability of lesion swabs for detecting the virus, even in later stages of the disease, while oropharyngeal swabs and blood samples carried the risk of false negative results but may have value in asymptomatic cases or viral load monitoring.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Evidence of human-to- dog transmission of monkeypox virus

Sophie Seang et al.

LANCET (2022)

Editorial Material Microbiology

Monkeypox virus: a neglected zoonotic pathogen spreads globally

Emmanuel F. Alakunle et al.

Summary: The monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries is likely due to the failure to control the spread of the disease in Africa over the years. A globally coordinated integrated health approach is crucial for controlling current and future outbreaks.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

Article Virology

Effect of Monkeypox Virus Preparation on the Lethality of the Intravenous Cynomolgus Macaque Model

Eric M. Mucker et al.

Summary: Researchers have been working for over two decades to improve smallpox vaccines and develop therapies for smallpox or similar diseases. The use of animal models, such as macaques infected with monkeypox virus, has been crucial in advancing these therapies. However, there have been criticisms regarding the administration method and dosage used in these models.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

Letter Surgery

Monkeypox virus under COVID-19: Caution for sexual transmission - Correspondence

Fengya Zhu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY (2022)

Letter Surgery

Monkeypox virus (MPX) in humans a concern: Trespassing the global boundaries - Correspondence

Vikram Thakur et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY (2022)

Review Immunology

Monkeypox virus emerges from the shadow of its more infamous cousin: family biology matters

Yan Xiang et al.

Summary: Monkeypox virus is a closely related virus to smallpox virus, causing a milder febrile rash illness in humans. While it used to be a rare zoonotic disease confined to forested areas in West and Central Africa, the number of cases and geographical range have significantly increased in recent years. The outbreak of monkeypox since May 2022 in multiple countries, with a large number of cases and no direct links to endemic areas, raises concerns about a possible change in transmission pattern and a greater global threat. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the virus host range, evolutionary potential, and neutralization targets for risk assessment and preparedness for a monkeypox epidemic.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2022)

Article Microbiology

Assessment of Knowledge of Monkeypox Viral Infection among the General Population in Saudi Arabia

Najim Z. Alshahrani et al.

Summary: The general population in Saudi Arabia has relatively poor knowledge of monkeypox, indicating a need for public education and increased awareness to effectively respond to outbreaks.

PATHOGENS (2022)

Editorial Material Pediatrics

The monkeypox outbreak: risks to children and pregnant women

Manon Vouga et al.

LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH (2022)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

The burden of monkeypox virus amidst the Covid-19 pandemic in Africa: A double battle for Africa

Olivier Uwishema et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has strained Africa's fragile healthcare systems and affected the rise of infectious diseases, including Monkeypox. The current study aims to provide insight into Monkeypox and efforts to combat it amidst COVID-19 in Africa. Preventing and treating Monkeypox is more manageable compared to COVID-19, but African countries face challenges in detection, awareness, and healthcare capacity.

ANNALS OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY (2022)

Review Immunology

The resurgence of a neglected orthopoxvirus: Immunologic and clinical aspects of monkeypox virus infections over the past six decades

Amer Al-Musa et al.

Summary: Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease prevalent in Africa, capable of evading host immunity and resulting in high fatality rates. Limited vaccine supply highlights the need for further research to address this public health emergency.

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Effective removal of Pb(II) and Ni(II) ions by Bacillus cereus and Bacillus pumilus: An experimental and mechanistic approach

Rohit Sharma et al.

Summary: Here we report a bacteria-based strategy for remediating heavy metals in waterbodies, which is efficient, reasonable, benign, and promising. The study involves isolating, screening, and characterizing heavy metal resistive bacteria, and conducting batch studies to examine the bioremoval results under different conditions. Mechanistic actions are analyzed using complementary techniques such as SEM and FTIR. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the isolated bacterial strains in removing heavy metals in simulated water samples, showing great potential for industrial applications.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2022)

Article Infectious Diseases

The relevance of multiple clinical specimens in the diagnosis of monkeypox virus, Spain, June

Cristina Veintimilla et al.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

Editorial Material Infectious Diseases

Vaccination for monkeypox prevention in persons with high-risk sexual behaviours to control on-going outbreak of monkeypox virus clade 3

E. Petersen et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

Article Infectious Diseases

The first case of monkeypox virus infection detected in Taiwan: awareness and preparation

Zih-Syuan Yang et al.

Summary: This study reported the first case of monkeypox virus infection in Taiwan and emphasized the importance of active surveillance, enhancing border control, and the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs for preventing and controlling monkeypox disease.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

Article Pathology

Validation Study of a Direct Real-Time PCR Protocol for Detection of Monkeypox Virus

Zachary L. Chelsky et al.

Summary: Monkeypox has been identified as a global public health emergency by the World Health Organization and the United States. In order to address the growing outbreak, researchers have validated a direct real-time PCR protocol for monkeypox virus detection, which improves scalability, reduces technician time per sample, and minimizes exposure to the infectious agent.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS (2022)

Letter Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

What concerns the general public the most about monkeypox virus? - A text analytics study based on Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Praveen Sv et al.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2022)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Recently spreading human monkeypox virus infection and its transmission during COVID-19 pandemic period: A travelers' prospective

Manojit Bhattacharya et al.

Summary: Monkeypox has emerged in multiple countries and poses a global public health threat, with a potential link to air travel. There is currently no definitive evidence to establish a direct connection between travel from endemic countries and the increasing number of monkeypox cases in non-endemic countries. However, statistical models suggest a probability of an indirect association with air travel. Further epidemiological investigations and genetic analysis are needed to prove the transmission patterns and natural animal reservoirs of the monkeypox virus.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2022)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Diagnosis of monkeypox virus - An overview

Mustafa Altindis et al.

Summary: Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, transmitted through close contact with infected animals, humans, or contaminated objects. Laboratory testing is necessary to confirm cases due to atypical clinical presentation, with nucleic acid amplification testing being the common method. There is a need for a global and effective laboratory network to enhance preparedness for this disease.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2022)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Monkeypox virus neurological manifestations in comparison to other orthopoxviruses

Maryam Shafaati et al.

Summary: Viral infectious diseases can have neurological manifestations, with nonspecific encephalopathy being the most common. The extent of neurological evidence varies for different viral pathogens, with some showing direct neurotropism and others having the potential for it. Direct neurotropism is not yet confirmed in monkeypox virus, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and smallpox. There are few reports of neurological diseases caused by monkeypox infection. Efforts to prevent disease outbreaks can reduce complications, the burden on healthcare systems, and further spread.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2022)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Transmission dynamics of monkeypox in the United Kingdom: contact tracing study

Thomas Ward et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the transmission dynamics of the monkeypox outbreak in the UK and found a significant amount of asymptomatic transmission and a prolonged infectious period.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2022)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Modeling the Impact of Sexual Networks in the Transmission of Monkeypox virus Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men — United States, 2022

Ian H. Spicknall et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2022)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

High-Contact Object and Surface Contamination in a Household of Persons with Monkeypox Virus Infection — Utah, June 2022

Jack A. Pfeiffer et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2022)

Letter Pediatrics

Monkeypox virus infections in children in Spain during the first months of the 2022 outbreak

David Aguilera-Alonso et al.

LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH (2022)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Is there a need to be worried about the new monkeypox virus outbreak? A brief review on the monkeypox outbreak

Nour Shaheen et al.

Summary: Monkeypox virus is an African virus that has the potential to cause a global pandemic. The virus can be transmitted through wild animals or infected individuals, with Africa being the main region affected. Preventive measures have been taken by various countries to control the outbreak.

ANNALS OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY (2022)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Case Report: Symptomatic Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and Monkeypox Coinfection in an Adult Male

Kavitha K. Prabaker et al.

Summary: A 39-year-old male presented with fatigue, malaise, and rash on his perianal region. PCR testing confirmed coinfection with monkeypox and herpes simplex virus type 2. It is difficult to distinguish between the two viruses based solely on history and examination.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2022)

Article Immunology

Environmental Persistence of Monkeypox Virus on Surfaces in Household of Person with Travel-Associated Infection, Dallas, Texas, USA, 2021

Clint N. Morgan et al.

Summary: This study conducted environmental sampling at the residence of a person with travel-associated human West African monkeypox virus. The results showed extensive contamination of MPXV-WA DNA and viable virus on different surfaces. Porous surfaces appeared to pose a higher risk of exposure to MPXV compared to nonporous surfaces, but the potential for indirect transmission was limited.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

The detection of monkeypox virus DNA in wastewater samples in the Netherlands

Eline F. de Jonge et al.

Summary: The article describes a method for qualitatively detecting monkeypox virus DNA in wastewater, which may prove to be a valuable surveillance tool for outbreaks.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2022)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Human monkeypox virus: An updated review

Nawal Adnan et al.

Summary: Human monkeypox is a virus similar to smallpox, and current diagnostic methods are time-consuming. The majority of cases occur in Central Africa, but there has been an increase in cases in Europe, the United States, Australia, and the United Arab Emirates. Viral transmission seems to have occurred during crowded events in Spain and Belgium.

MEDICINE (2022)

Review Virology

Smallpox in the Post-Eradication Era

Hermann Meyer et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2020)

Review Virology

Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution

Emmanuel Alakunle et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2020)

Article Immunology

Human-to-Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, United Kingdom, October 2018

Aisling Vaughan et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

Article Immunology

Human Monkeypox Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Prevention

Eskild Petersen et al.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2019)

Article Infectious Diseases

Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017-18: a clinical and epidemiological report

Adesola Yinka-Ogunleye et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2019)

Review Infectious Diseases

A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy

Ellen M. Beer et al.

PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (2019)

Review Infectious Diseases

Monkeypox re-emergence in Africa: a call to expand the concept and practice of One Health

Mary G. Reynolds et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY (2019)

Article Immunology

Diagnosis of Imported Monkeypox, Israel, 2018

Noam Erez et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2019)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Emergence of Monkeypox - West and Central Africa, 1970-2017

Kara N. Durski et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2018)

Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans

Nikola Sklenovska et al.

FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH (2018)

Article Virology

A Phylogeographic Investigation of African Monkeypox

Yoshinori Nakazawa et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2015)

Article Immunology

Human Monkeypox

Andrea M. McCollum et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2014)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Short Report: Detection of Human Monkeypox in the Republic of the Congo Following Intensive Community Education

Mary G. Reynolds et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2013)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Susceptibility of monkeypox virus aerosol suspensions in a rotating chamber

Daniel Verreault et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS (2013)

Article Virology

Factors affecting the likelihood of monkeypox's emergence and spread in the post-smallpox era

Mary G. Reynolds et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2012)

Article Immunology

Smallpox Vaccine Safety Is Dependent on T Cells and Not B Cells

Shari N. Gordon et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2011)

Article Infectious Diseases

Assessing the Effectiveness of a Community Intervention for Monkeypox Prevention in the Congo Basin

Amira A. Roess et al.

PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (2011)

Article Immunology

Human Monkeypox Outbreak Caused by Novel Virus Belonging to Congo Basin Clade, Sudan, 2005

Pierre Formenty et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2010)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Smallpox vaccine-induced antibodies are necessary and sufficient for protection against monkeypox virus

Y Edghill-Smith et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2005)

Review Virology

Analysis of the monkeypox virus genome

SN Shchelkunov et al.

VIROLOGY (2002)