Reconciliation of energy use disparities in brick production in India

Energy conservation in brick production is crucial to achieving net-zero carbon emissions from the building sector, especially in countries with major expansions in the built environment. However, widely disparate energy consumption estimates impede benchmarking its importance relative to the steel and cement industries. Here we modelled Indian brick production and its regional energy consumption by combining a nationwide questionnaire survey on feedstock, process variables and practices with remote sensing data on kiln enumeration. We found a large underreporting in current official estimates of energy consumption, with actual energy consumption comparable to that in the steel and cement industries in the country. With a total estimated production of 233 & PLUSMN; 15 billion bricks per year, the brick industry consumes 990 & PLUSMN; 125 PJ yr(-1) of energy, 35 & PLUSMN; 6 Mt yr(-1) coal and 25 & PLUSMN; 6 Mt yr(-1) biomass. The main drivers of energy consumption for brick production are the kiln technology, the production capacity and the fuel mix used. The results suggest that improving operating practices would be a first step in making brick production more energy efficient. Energy efficient brick production is crucial for the carbon footprint, especially in countries with a continuously expanding built environment. This study models Indian brick production and reveals a large underreporting in official energy consumption estimates, as well as key drivers affecting its performance.

Automated summary

Energy conservation is crucial for achieving net-zero carbon emissions in brick production, especially in countries with rapid urbanization. However, there are widely disparate estimates of energy consumption, making it difficult to benchmark its importance compared to the steel and cement industries. Using a combination of a nationwide questionnaire survey and remote sensing data, this study models Indian brick production and reveals a large underreporting of energy consumption, as well as the key drivers affecting its performance.