Journal
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
Volume 10, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1207950
Keywords
colostrum milk; mature milk; yak; human breast; comparative metabolomics; hypoxic stress tolerance; GC-MS
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This study investigates the metabolite composition of yak milk and its role in hypoxic stress tolerance, comparing it to human milk. The results show that yak milk relies on certain essential amino acids to tolerate hypoxic stress, while human milk utilizes neuroprotective effects of non-essential amino acids or derivates. Additionally, metabolites related to hypoxic stress are more abundant in yak colostrum compared to yak mature milk.
Yaks are tough animals living in Tibet's hypoxic stress environment. However, the metabolite composition of yak milk and its role in hypoxic stress tolerance remains largely unexplored. The similarities and differences between yak and human milk in hypoxic stress tolerance are also unclear. This study explored yak colostrum (YC) and yak mature milk (YMM) using GC-MS, and 354 metabolites were identified in yak milk. A comparative metabolomic analysis of yak and human milk metabolites showed that over 70% of metabolites were species-specific. Yak milk relies mainly on essential amino acids- arginine and essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs): L-isoleucine, L-leucine, and L-valine tolerate hypoxic stress. To slow hypoxic stress, human breast milk relies primarily on the neuroprotective effects of non-essential amino acids or derivates, such as citrulline, sarcosine, and creatine. In addition, metabolites related to hypoxic stress were significantly enriched in YC than in YMM. These results reveal the unique metabolite composition of yak and human milk and provide practical information for applying yak and human milk to hypoxic stress tolerance.
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