Related references
Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Review
Microbiology
Olha Puhach et al.
Summary: The viral load and presence of infectious virus in the respiratory tract are crucial factors for estimating infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the characteristics of viral shedding is important for public health interventions as shedding of infectious virus is necessary for onward transmission. Viral shedding is influenced by virus biology, host factors, and pre-existing immunity. Higher viral load increases the risk of human-to-human transmission.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Osman Ozudogru et al.
Summary: The study compares the frequency of reinfection in patients infected with different SARS-CoV-2 variants, and finds that the Omicron variant has the highest reinfection rate.
IRISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Jose Antonio Montes-Gonzalez et al.
Summary: A study in Mexico explored the role of immunity, primary infection severity, and variant predominance in the risk of reinfection and severe COVID-19 during the Omicron predominance. The study found that vaccination protected against reinfection and provided over 90% protection against severe reinfections. Heterologous booster schedules were associated with lower risk for reinfection and reinfection-associated severe COVID-19.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Sivan Gazit et al.
Summary: This study compares the reinfection rate between previously infected individuals who were not vaccinated and those who received a single dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. The results show that vaccination significantly reduces the risk of reinfection and symptomatic disease.
ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Virology
Carlos Barrera-Avalos et al.
Summary: This study compared the performance of different viral transport media in COVID-19 diagnosis in Santiago, Chile, finding DNA/RNA Shield (TM) to be more effective. PBS medium may compromise sample diagnosis, while NAT, Ezmedlab, VTM-N, and DNA/RNA Shield (TM) media show acceptable RT-qPCR parameters.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Infectious Diseases
Noah Kojima et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Katherine G. Nabel et al.
Summary: This study evaluates the impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on neutralizing antibody activity and reveals that simultaneous antibody escape mutations make the virus more resistant to neutralization. Additionally, the study finds that the virus can acquire glycan to escape neutralization.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Laura Perez-Lago et al.
Summary: This case reports an unprecedented viral complexity of a COVID-19 patient, who experienced two different SARS-CoV-2 strains in two separate infection episodes. The patient was first infected with two strains within a short period of time, and later was readmitted and infected with a different strain in a nosocomial outbreak, leading to a second milder COVID-19 episode.
TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yunkai Yu et al.
Summary: Several variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged, some of which are associated with increased transmission and severity. Analyses of COVID-19 convalescent and diagnostic cohorts show that RBD antibody levels can serve as a good surrogate for neutralization activities. Individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines have significantly higher RBD antibody levels and similar neutralization activities compared to those naturally infected. This suggests that mRNA vaccination may generate more neutralizing RBD antibodies than natural immunity.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Sumit Malhotra et al.
Summary: The study suggests that the BBV152 vaccine is associated with protection against symptomatic and asymptomatic reinfection in HCWs after complete vaccination, with the predominant circulating variant being B.1.617.2.
Review
Immunology
Omid Dadras et al.
Summary: This study systematically reviewed the association between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and COVID-19 severity, finding inconclusive results but indicating a direct relationship between older age and higher viral load. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between viral load and disease transmissibility.
IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Alexander Lawandi et al.
Summary: In a retrospective cohort study, it was found that approximately 0.2% of patients who had previously been infected with COVID-19 experienced suspected reinfection with SARS-COV-2. These reinfection cases occurred at 238 healthcare facilities in the United States between June 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021. Women had a higher risk of reinfection, and the healthcare burden and illness severity were similar between initial infection and reinfection encounters.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
John T. Wilkins et al.
Summary: The study found that seropositivity in healthcare workers is associated with moderate protection from future SARS-CoV-2 infection. During follow-up, some healthcare workers experienced seroconversion from negative to positive, as well as possible reinfection cases.
INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Stefan Pilz et al.
Summary: Seroprevalence surveys indicate that a significant proportion of the global population has been infected with SARS-CoV-2, and natural immunity plays a crucial role in protecting against reinfections and severe disease. National surveys show that previous infection provides a reduced risk of reinfection for at least one year, with moderate waning immunity. Natural immunity appears to have similar effectiveness against different SARS-CoV-2 variants, except for the Omicron variant which requires further study. Observational studies suggest that natural immunity may provide equal or greater protection compared to two doses of mRNA vaccines, although data are not consistent. Combining previous infection with vaccination seems to offer the greatest protection against SARS-CoV-2, but there are still knowledge gaps in this area.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Veronica Rico-Caballero et al.
Summary: By examining the relationship between viral load estimated by Ct and the days from symptoms onset on mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, this study found that lower Ct values and a shorter time from symptoms onset were associated with higher mortality rates.
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Nhu Ngoc Nguyen et al.
JOURNAL OF INFECTION
(2022)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Halane Vaillant-Roussel et al.
EXERCER-LA REVUE FRANCOPHONE DE MEDECINE GENERALE
(2022)
News Item
Infectious Diseases
Sharmila Devi
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Clare Wilson
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Achim Doerre et al.
Summary: Recent research indicates that COVID-19 infections and outcomes are influenced by age and gender. However, previous modeling approaches have overlooked the effect of gender. This study examines how gender-specific contact behavior affects gender-specific COVID-19 infections and deaths. The results show that infection rates are highest among the young and working-age, but they also increase among the older population. Women have a higher infection risk than men at working ages, but the opposite is true at old age. Death rates are twice as high for men compared to women across all age groups. The study highlights the importance of non-pharmaceutical mitigation measures in preventing higher mortality among the elderly, even with measures easing among the young.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Juliet R. C. Pulliam et al.
Summary: This study provides two methods for monitoring reinfection trends in routine surveillance data. The results suggest immune evasion by the Omicron variant in previously infected individuals in South Africa, and there has been an increase in the risk of having a third infection since mid-November 2021.
Article
Immunology
Nhu Ngoc Nguyen et al.
Summary: The reinfection rate of SARS-CoV-2 is low, and the severity of the first and second episodes of infection is similar. The severity of the second episode of COVID-19 is not higher than that of the first infection, even for patients with antibodies.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Waasila Jassat et al.
Summary: This study assessed the clinical severity of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the omicron wave in South Africa and compared it with the preceding three waves. The findings showed that during the omicron wave, there were fewer hospital admissions, less severe illness, and lower case-fatality ratio compared to the previous waves. This marked a change in the epidemic curve, clinical profile, and deaths in South Africa.
LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Maria Elena Flacco et al.
Summary: Current data suggests that SARS-CoV-2 reinfections are rare, but uncertainties remain regarding the duration of natural immunity, its protection against the Omicron variant, and the impact of vaccination on reducing reinfection rates. A retrospective cohort analysis of the entire population of an Italian region followed over 1.2 million subjects and found a reinfection rate of 6.1 parts per thousand after an average of 277 days. Importantly, this reinfection rate did not significantly vary over time, suggesting that natural immunity may last beyond 12 months. The risk of reinfection was higher among females, unvaccinated individuals, and during the Omicron wave.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Claudio Acuna-Castillo et al.
Summary: The identification and tracking of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients are essential for limiting the spread of COVID-19. This study identified a case of reinfection in a homeless person, highlighting the importance of genomic surveillance programs.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Xiao-Lin Jiang et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Molly Rosenberg et al.
Summary: This study used Indiana University's comprehensive testing program to estimate the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among students, faculty, and staff during the 2020-2021 academic year. The results showed a low level of reinfection in this population, with higher risk observed among Greek-affiliated students.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Roberto Luraschi et al.
Summary: This study analyzes the performance of two commercial RT-qPCR kits used in Chile and finds that the TAAG kit has lower sensitivity, potentially leading to false negatives and local outbreaks of infection.
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Lei Huang et al.
Summary: This study analyzed healthcare and vaccination records of over 2.5 million individuals in Hong Kong and found that receiving a single dose of COVID-19 vaccine after a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a lower risk of reinfection. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization or mortality between those who received one dose after a previous infection and those who received two doses without a previous infection. These findings support the recommendation that individuals with prior infection could receive a single vaccine dose for similar protection.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Roberto Luraschi et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the performance of three commercial RT-qPCR kits for COVID-19 diagnosis in Santiago de Chile. The results showed significant differences in amplification values for control and viral probes in the same nasopharyngeal swab samples, and in some cases, a decreased sensitivity against viral variants. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and choose suitable RT-qPCR kits to ensure accurate virus detection and assessment.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2022)
News Item
Medicine, General & Internal
Jacqui Wise
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Brian J. Willett et al.
Summary: Vaccines based on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are vital in combating COVID-19, but the emergence of the Omicron variant poses a threat to this strategy. Studies have shown that the Omicron variant evades neutralization by sera from individuals vaccinated with different vaccines and reduces real-world vaccine effectiveness, although booster vaccination can partially restore its effectiveness. Additionally, the Omicron variant exhibits distinct cell entry pathways and phenotypes, which may contribute to its rapid global spread and altered pathogenicity.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Elias Eythorsson et al.
Summary: This study examines the proportion of individuals who experienced reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 during the Omicron wave in Iceland.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Stacey Adjei et al.
MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Hanzhong Ke et al.
Summary: Since being declared a variant of concern by the WHO, the Omicron variant has caused a surge of cases worldwide. It has extensive mutations in its spike glycoprotein, allowing it to evade antiviral immunity provided by vaccination and other means. The Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 have additional unique mutations in their spike proteins, further enhancing their immune evasion capabilities.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Carolina Grana et al.
Summary: This study assessed the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines through 41 randomized controlled trials involving 12 different vaccines, including homologous and heterologous vaccine schedules and the effect of booster doses.
COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Claudio Acuna-Castillo et al.
Summary: The study reports a case of SARS-CoV-2 persistence for 386 days in a health worker from Santiago de Chile, which could be one of the longest reported viral persistence events. RNA sequencing analyses showed that the first and second positive results belonged to Clade 20A variant, but the second positive result had no presence or circulation in Chile since May 2021. The study highlights the importance of testing for viral absence, identifying potential persistence, and minimizing the risk of local outbreaks after completing quarantine.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS
(2022)
Letter
Immunology
Nhu Ngoc Nguyen et al.
Summary: The study describes the successive infections of 188 patients in France with different SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-variants, including BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5. It is found that a significant number of patients had a short time interval between their two infections, suggesting a need for revision in the definitions of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Snezana Medic et al.
Summary: As of January 31, 2022, SARS-CoV-2 reinfections were uncommon until the end of 2021 but became common with the advent of the Omicron variant. Most reinfections were mild. Boosters may modestly reduce reinfection risk.
LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sho Iketani et al.
Summary: The identification of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Botswana in November 2021 sparked concern due to the spike protein alterations that could potentially evade antibodies. Further studies showed that the Omicron sublineages, BA.1+R346K and BA.2, are antigenically similar to the wild-type virus and pose similar risks to the effectiveness of current vaccines. BA.2 also demonstrated resistance to many neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, highlighting the challenges in developing effective therapeutic options.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Daniel R. Feikin et al.
Summary: This study systematically reviewed the duration of protection provided by COVID-19 vaccines against various clinical outcomes. The findings indicate that the effectiveness or efficacy of the vaccines decreased from 1 to 6 months after full vaccination, but remained high against severe disease. Evaluating the effectiveness or efficacy of vaccines beyond 6 months is crucial for updating vaccine policies.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Richard L. Tillett et al.
Summary: A man was infected with SARS-CoV-2 twice with genetically different virus variants, the second infection being more severe. The study suggests that previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 may not guarantee immunity, and all individuals should take precautions to avoid infection. This has implications for vaccine development and application.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Christian Holm Hansen et al.
Summary: The study investigated the protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, with results showing an 80.5% protection rate for individuals previously infected. Even in the population aged 65 years and older, the protection rate against reinfection reached 47.1%, with no significant differences observed by gender or time since infection.
Article
Immunology
Claudio Castillo et al.
Summary: Behind Chile's successful COVID-19 vaccination rollout are factors such as the government and academia's pragmatic approach in securing vaccines, coordination between local authorities and the health system, and the development of a favorable vaccine culture through the National Immunization Program. Short-term actions may not be sufficient for success, and global challenges require rethinking international cooperation and global health governance.
Article
Immunology
Valeria De Giorgi et al.
Summary: This study conducted a longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors over an 11-month period, finding that most individuals maintained detectable levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralizing titers up to 11 months after symptom recovery. However, some donors experienced a decline in neutralization levels to undetectable titers over time.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Biology
A Sarah Walker et al.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Johan Ringlander et al.
Summary: A low rate of confirmed reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 was reported in Sweden, with the first case of reinfection and three cases of persistent infection over several months. Elderly patients with suspected reinfection are more likely to have persistent COVID-19.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Respiratory System
Oscar Santiago-Espinosa et al.
Summary: A retrospective study in Quintana Roo, Mexico identified seven cases of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, with a low frequency among positive cases and an interval of three months between infection episodes. Six of the cases were healthcare workers, highlighting the importance of considering different scenarios in the natural history of the disease for accurate diagnosis.
RESPIRATORY MEDICINE CASE REPORTS
(2021)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Yang Liu et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2020)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Li Tan et al.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Jurandy Junior Ferraz de Magalhaes et al.
TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE
(2020)
