Integration of 3D Printing-Coelectrospinning: Concept Shifting in Biomedical Applications

Porous structureswith sizes between the submicrometer and nanometerscales can be produced using efficient and adaptable electrospinningtechnology. However, to approximate desirable structures, the constructionlacks mechanical sophistication and conformance and requires three-dimensionalsolitary or multifunctional structures. The diversity of high-performancepolymers and blends has enabled the creation of several porous structuralconformations for applications in advanced materials science, particularlyin biomedicine. Two promising technologies can be combined, such aselectrospinning with 3D printing or additive manufacturing, therebyproviding a straightforward yet flexible technique for digitally controlledshape-morphing fabrication. The hierarchical integration of configurationsis used to imprint complex shapes and patterns onto mesostructured,stimulus-responsive electrospun fabrics. This technique controls theinternal stresses caused by the swelling/contraction mismatch in thein-plane and interlayer regions, which, in turn, controls the morphologicalcharacteristics of the electrospun membranes. Major innovations in3D printing, along with additive manufacturing, have led to the productionof materials and scaffold systems for tactile and wearable sensors,filtration structures, sensors for structural health monitoring, tissueengineering, biomedical scaffolds, and optical patterning. This reviewdiscusses the synergy between 3D printing and electrospinning as aconstituent of specific microfabrication methods for quick structuralprototypes that are expected to advance into next-generation constructs.Furthermore, individual techniques, their process parameters, andhow the fabricated novel structures are applied holistically in thebiomedical field have never been discussed in the literature. In summary,this review offers novel insights into the use of electrospinningand 3D printing as well as their integration for cutting-edge applicationsin the biomedical field.

Automated summary

Efficient and adaptable electrospinning technology can produce porous structures with sizes between the submicrometer and nanometerscales. Combining electrospinning with 3D printing or additive manufacturing provides a flexible technique for digitally controlled shape-morphing fabrication. The integration of configurations allows for complex shapes and patterns on mesostructured, stimulus-responsive fabrics. This review discusses the synergy between 3D printing and electrospinning for advanced applications in biomedicine.