Related references
Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Review
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Summary: The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) in late 2020 marked a major change in the virus's adaptation to humans, resulting in increased transmission rates and ability to evade immune responses. These VOCs, designated Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, rapidly became dominant globally, outcompeting previous variants. The success of VOCs can be attributed to the altered properties of the virus and changes in antigenicity, influenced by both vaccination and prior infection.
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Summary: Diagnosis by rapid antigen tests (RATs) is useful for early initiation of antiviral treatment. However, the sensitivity of RATs may be affected by amino acid changes in the N protein, particularly in the Omicron variant and its subvariants.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
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Summary: The performances of three commonly used antigen rapid diagnostic tests used as self-tests in asymptomatic individuals were assessed during the Omicron period. The sensitivities of these tests were found to be very low. Repeated self-testing and testing when symptoms develop are recommended.
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Andreas Osterman et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the performance of nine SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests (RATs) in a single-centre laboratory study. The results showed that higher virus loads were required for omicron-containing samples compared to delta-containing samples in order to test positive in these point-of-care tests. However, testing of expanded virus stocks suggested a comparable RAT sensitivity for both omicron and delta variants, questioning the predictive value of in vitro studies for clinical performance. Given the importance of RATs in national testing strategies during the omicron wave, awareness must be increased for the reduced detection rate of omicron infections by RATs and a short list of suitable RATs should be disclosed.
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Delphine Planas et al.
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Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: The study found that the Omicron variant has reduced neutralizing effectiveness in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2, but those who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed better neutralization against Omicron.
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Summary: This study reports on the dynamics of neutralizing antibodies in individuals convalescing from coronavirus disease 2019 or who are vaccine-naive and subsequently vaccinated. The findings suggest that infection-plus-vaccination-induced hybrid immunity or triple immunization can induce high-quality antibodies with superior neutralization capacity against variants of concern, including omicron.
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Summary: This study evaluated the clinical performance and ease-of-use of seven SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs). The results showed high sensitivity and specificity of the Ag-RDTs, especially in early-stage disease and individuals with high viral loads. The tests from Mologic, Bionote, and Standard Q demonstrated good usability.
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JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
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Sergei A. Kiryanov et al.
Summary: This study compared the diagnostic performance of different upper respiratory tract samples for the direct RT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that nasal swab and saliva samples tested by direct RT-PCR had sufficient sensitivity and can be acceptable alternatives for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Review
Infectious Diseases
J. M. Jabs et al.
Summary: Routine screening of asymptomatic healthcare workers can help interrupt chains of infection through early detection, but the heterogeneous proportions may be explained by regional differences and pre-analytical pitfalls.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
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Daniel Baird et al.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
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Chee Wah Tan et al.
Summary: The study found that the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 can escape neutralizing antibodies against the ancestral virus. Bat and pangolin sarbecoviruses showed less neutralization escape compared to the Omicron variant. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 variants are evolving differently from animal sarbecoviruses under immune selection pressure.
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Paul K. Drain et al.
Summary: This diagnostic study assessed the accuracy of two rapid diagnostic tests for detecting SARS-CoV-2 across different variants. The results showed that both tests had reliable analytical and clinical performance data across the different variant phases. Therefore, home-based rapid antigen testing programs may play an important role in reducing the global transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Letter
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Peter Bogaty et al.
Summary: The author raises important questions regarding rapid diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2, including the impact of vaccination on quarantine requirements and the duration of positive results from nucleic acid amplification tests.
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Tobias Weinberger et al.
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CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
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Letter
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JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
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Florian Hitzenbichler et al.
Summary: This study compared the diagnostic performance of throat washings (TW), nasopharyngeal swabs (NS) and oropharyngeal swabs (OS) in detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Nasopharyngeal swabs showed higher concentrations and diagnostic sensitivities, with significant concentration differences between NS and TW. Oropharyngeal swabs (OS) and throat washings (TW) can still be considered for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, albeit with slightly lower concentrations.
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Summary: The study assessed the accuracy of rapid antigen testing for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection in a primary/secondary care testing facility. The results showed that the sensitivity of rapid antigen tests was lower than expected, potentially leading to individuals being falsely classified as negative.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
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Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of mutations and variants that impact virus characteristics. Manufacturers are preparing for possible updates to vaccines in response to changes in the virus population, and it is crucial to monitor genetic and antigenic changes alongside experiments to understand the impacts of mutations.
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Summary: A study with a test-negative design analyzed 41,552 admissions to 187 hospitals and 21,522 visits to 221 EDs or urgent care clinics. The mRNA-based vaccines (>= 14 days after the second dose) were highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hospitalization (89%), ICU admission (90%), or an urgent care visit (91%).
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Victor M. Corman et al.
Summary: This study compared the analytical sensitivity and specificity of seven commercially available antigen point-of-care test devices, showing that most devices have sensitivity overlapping with SARS-CoV-2 viral loads typically observed during the first week of symptoms, marking the infectious period in most patients. Antigen point-of-care tests with detection limits approximating virus concentrations at which patients are infectious may streamline decision-making in healthcare and public health.
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Marjolein F. Q. Kluytmans-van Den Bergh et al.