Copy Number Variation Discovery in South African Nguni-Sired and Bonsmara-Sired Crossbred Cattle

Simple Summary Climate change plays a major role in livestock production. Hence the utilization of crossbreeding strategies allows for the improvement of animal production during harsh environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic differences in the F1 Nguni x Bonsmara and its reciprocal cross (Bonsmara x Nguni). This was achieved by studying the changes in structural variation, such as copy number variants in these two crosses. The major findings from this study have revealed several genes relating to adaption in these crossbred cattle. Crossbreeding forms part of Climate-Smart beef production and is one of the strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change. Two Nguni-sired and three Bonsmara-sired crossbred animals underwent whole genome sequencing. Following quality control and file preparation, the sequence data were investigated for genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) using the panelcn.MOPS tool. A total of 355 CNVs were identified in the crossbreds, of which 274 were unique in Bonsmara-sired crossbreds and 81 unique in the Nguni-sired crossbreds. Genes that differed in copy number in both crossbreds included genes related to growth (SCRN2, LOC109572916) and fertility-related factors (RPS28, LOC1098562432, LOC109570037). Genes that were present only in the Bonsmara-sired crossbreds included genes relating to lipid metabolism (MAF1), olfaction (LOC109569114), body size (HES7), immunity (LOC10957335, LOC109877039) and disease (DMBT1). Genes that were present only in the Nguni-sired crossbreds included genes relating to ketosis (HMBOX1) and amino acid transport (LOC109572916). Results of this study indicate that Nguni and Bonsmara cattle can be utilized in crossbreeding programs as they may enhance the presence of economically important traits associated with both breeds. This will produce crossbred animals that are good meat producers, grow faster, have high fertility, strong immunity and a better chance of producing in South Africa's harsh climate conditions. Ultimately, this study provides new genetic insights into the adaptability of Nguni and Bonsmara crossbred cattle.

Automated summary

Climate change has a significant impact on livestock production, and the use of crossbreeding strategies can improve animal production under harsh environmental conditions. This study aimed to identify the genetic differences in crossbred cattle and found several genes related to adaptation in these crossbred animals. Crossbreeding is an important strategy for climate-smart beef production.