Journal
NATURE
Volume 536, Issue 7617, Pages 419-+Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nature19310
Keywords
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Funding
- Irish Research Council [GOIPG/2013/36, GOIPD/2013/1]
- Irish Research Council for Humanities and Social Sciences (IRCHSS) ERC Support Programme
- Bureau of International Cooperation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [L1524016]
- Chinese Academy of Sciences [2015-DX-C-03]
- Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates [CZD/16/6]
- Scottish Funding Council [HR03006]
- Scottish Executive Health Department, Chief Scientist Office [CZB/4/285]
- German Research Foundation [CRC 1052, B01, B03, C01]
- Wenner-Gren Foundation Dissertation Fieldwork grant [9005]
- National Science Foundation DDRIG [BCS-1455744]
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany [FKZ: 01EO1501]
- MRC 'QTL in Health and Disease' programme grant
- EC Commission, Directorate General XII (Supplementary Agreement ERBCIPDCT [940038, 920032]
- Leverhulme Trust's Doctoral Scholarship programme
- University of Pavia (MIGRAT-IN-G)
- Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale
- National Geographic Society [8915-11]
- WennerGren Foundation [7481]
- Irene Levi-Sala CARE Foundation
- Israel Science Foundation [475/10]
- ERC [263441]
- NIH [GM100233]
- NSF HOMINID [BCS-1032255]
- Direct For Social, Behav & Economic Scie
- Division Of Behavioral and Cognitive Sci [1032255, 1455744] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Chief Scientist Office [CZD/16/6/4] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [MC_PC_U127561128] Funding Source: researchfish
- MRC [MC_PC_U127561128] Funding Source: UKRI
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We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 44 ancient Near Easterners ranging in time between similar to 12,000 and 1,400 BC, from Natufian hunter-gatherers to Bronze Age farmers. We show that the earliest populations of the Near East derived around half their ancestry from a 'Basal Eurasian' lineage that had little if any Neanderthal admixture and that separated from other non-African lineages before their separation from each other. The first farmers of the southern Levant (Israel and Jordan) and Zagros Mountains (Iran) were strongly genetically differentiated, and each descended from local huntergatherers. By the time of the Bronze Age, these two populations and Anatolian-related farmers had mixed with each other and with the hunter-gatherers of Europe to greatly reduce genetic differentiation. The impact of the Near Eastern farmers extended beyond the Near East: farmers related to those of Anatolia spread westward into Europe; farmers related to those of the Levant spread southward into East Africa; farmers related to those of Iran spread northward into the Eurasian steppe; and people related to both the early farmers of Iran and to the pastoralists of the Eurasian steppe spread eastward into South Asia.
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