4.6 Review

Pulmonary Sequelae of COVID-19: Focus on Interstitial Lung Disease

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Article Allergy

Post-COVID Interstitial Lung Disease-The Tip of the Iceberg

Namrata Kewalramani et al.

IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2023)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacological approaches to pulmonary fibrosis following COVID-19

Stefan Lassan et al.

Summary: In recent years, COVID-19 has become the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This article provides an overview of Post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis and its potential pharmacological treatment options. Various pharmacotherapeutic approaches, including antifibrotic drugs and corticosteroids, are being investigated. Clinical trials are needed to further understand the heterogeneity of the disease and identify effective treatment options.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2023)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 1 Respiratory sequelae of COVID-19: pulmonary and extrapulmonary origins, and approaches to clinical care and rehabilitation

Sally J. Singh et al.

Summary: Although the prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition is unknown, more than a third of patients experience symptoms persisting for over 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. These symptoms, including breathlessness, vary greatly and can adversely affect multiple biological systems. Specific pulmonary sequelae, such as pulmonary fibrosis and thromboembolic disease, require careful assessment and treatment. Non-pharmacological interventions, like pulmonary rehabilitation and breathing management techniques, may help alleviate breathlessness in post-COVID-19 patients. Further research is needed to understand the origins and progression of respiratory symptoms and to develop effective therapies.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2023)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Residual Lung Abnormalities after COVID-19 Hospitalization Interim Analysis of the UKILD Post-COVID-19 Study

Iain Stewart et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the data from the UK Interstitial Lung Disease Consortium (UKILD) post-COVID-19 study to estimate the prevalence of residual lung abnormalities in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The results showed that approximately 11% of recovered COVID-19 patients had residual lung abnormalities, highlighting the need for long-term monitoring.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2023)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Long-term post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 infection: a retrospective, multi-database cohort study in Hong Kong and the UK

Ivan Chun Hang Lam et al.

Summary: This study used electronic healthcare records from the Hong Kong Hospital Authority (HKHA) and the UK Biobank (UKB) databases to track COVID-19 patients aged 18 and above between April 1st 2020 and May 31st 2022. The results showed that COVID-19 patients may experience post-acute sequelae such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, and deep vein thrombosis. They also have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality during this post-acute phase.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2023)

Review Respiratory System

Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis: Facts-Challenges and Futures: A Narrative Review

Duong-Quy Sy et al.

Summary: Patients with COVID-19 commonly develop post-acute sequelae of the disease, including post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PC19-PF). PC19-PF, caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or pneumonia from COVID-19, has a significant long-term impact on respiratory health. Risk factors for PC19-PF include older age, chronic comorbidities, mechanical ventilation during the acute phase, and female sex. Persistent symptoms of COVID-19 pneumonia, such as cough, dyspnea, exertional dyspnea, and poor saturation, are observed in most cases.

PULMONARY THERAPY (2023)

Review Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Chest CT Lung Abnormalities 1 Year after COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Marialuisa Bocchino et al.

Summary: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 1-year follow-up chest CT scans in post-COVID-19 patients revealed highly heterogeneous prevalence of lung sequelae, with unknown determinants of heterogeneity. Caution should be exercised in interpreting the data.

RADIOLOGY (2023)

Article Respiratory System

Long-term Outcomes in Critical COVID-19 Survivors: A 2-Year Longitudinal Cohort

Jessica González et al.

ARCHIVOS DE BRONCONEUMOLOGIA (2023)

Review Respiratory System

Post COVID Interstitial Lung Abnormalities-Incidence and Management

Mark Robertshaw et al.

Summary: This review aims to summarize the available literature to identify the incidence and risk factors for persistent interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) following hospitalization for COVID-19. The current and prospective treatment options are reviewed in an effort to help pulmonary practitioners care for this burgeoning patient population.

CURRENT PULMONOLOGY REPORTS (2023)

Letter Respiratory System

Genetic overlap between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19

Richard J. Allen et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2022)

Review Respiratory System

Parenchymal lung abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19 and viral pneumonitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Laura Fabbri et al.

Summary: This study assessed the proportion of lung disease in COVID-19 survivors by analyzing chest CT scans and pulmonary function tests. The findings suggest that pulmonary fibrosis and other sequelae are common in COVID-19 patients during follow-up. However, caution should be exercised in interpreting the estimates due to heterogeneity and differences in study populations.

THORAX (2022)

Article Immunology

Long-term Outcomes and Recovery of Patients who Survived COVID-19: LUNG INJURY COVID-19 Study

Gianna Vargas Centanaro et al.

Summary: This study is an observational research on the long-term outcomes and recovery of COVID-19 lung injury. Twelve months after infection, almost half of severe cases showed evidence of pulmonary fibrosis, and nearly one-third of the cases had abnormal pulmonary function. These results emphasize the importance of systematic follow-up and appropriate management of pulmonary sequelae in severe COVID-19 patients.

OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Insights from Transcriptomics: CD1631 Profibrotic Lung Macrophages in COVID-19

Mallar Bhattacharya

Summary: COVID-19 lung macrophages play a significant role in fibrotic remodeling, but more research is needed to fully understand their function.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2022)

Article Respiratory System

Genome-wide association study across five cohorts identifies five novel loci associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Richard J. Allen et al.

Summary: This article describes a genome-wide meta-analysis study on the risk of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), identifying five robust novel genetic association signals related to IPF risk.

THORAX (2022)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Understanding post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease (ILD): a new fibroinflammatory disease entity

Puja Mehta et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2022)

Meeting Abstract Respiratory System

Methylprednisolone in the treatment of post-COVID-19 Interstitial Lung Disease (STERCOV-ILD)

A. Yuksel et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2022)

Article Respiratory System

Lung function and radiological findings 1 year after COVID-19: a prospective follow-up

Julia Tarraso et al.

Summary: This study evaluated pulmonary sequelae in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia one year after hospital discharge. The results showed that a significant percentage of patients develop lung diffusion impairment and radiological fibrotic-like changes, regardless of the severity of the acute process.

RESPIRATORY RESEARCH (2022)

Review Respiratory System

Pulmonary function and chest computed tomography abnormalities 6-12 months after recovery from COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Jong Hyuk Lee et al.

Summary: The prevalence of pulmonary sequelae of COVID-19, such as impaired diffusion capacity and pulmonary fibrosis, remains significant even after 1 year of recovery. The severity of the initial COVID-19 infection is associated with the development of these sequelae. Close respiratory follow-up is necessary for patients who recover from severe COVID-19.

RESPIRATORY RESEARCH (2022)

Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Follow-Up CT Patterns of Residual Lung Abnormalities in Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia Survivors: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

Giulia Besutti et al.

Summary: This study evaluated residual chest CT abnormalities in severe COVID-19 pneumonia survivors. Results showed that over 55% of patients had normal or barely normal follow-up CT scans, while non-fibrotic and fibrotic abnormalities were found in around 37.5% and 4.4% of patients respectively. Ground-glass opacities were the most common finding in non-fibrotic changes, while subpleural reticulation and traction bronchiectasis were frequent in fibrotic abnormalities. Residual abnormalities extension decreased over time in patients with multiple timepoints available.

TOMOGRAPHY (2022)

Article Respiratory System

One-year pulmonary impairment after severe COVID-19: a prospective, multicenter follow-up study

Paola Faverio et al.

Summary: This study investigated pulmonary sequelae in patients one year after hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The findings showed that DLCO impairment and non-fibrotic interstitial lung abnormalities were common, particularly in older patients requiring higher ventilatory support.

RESPIRATORY RESEARCH (2022)

Review Medicine, Legal

Autopsy findings in COVID-19-related deaths: a literature review

Aniello Maiese et al.

Summary: Post-mortem findings of COVID-19 patients show diffuse alveolar damage and microthrombi formation in the lungs, along with a high incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, suggesting endothelial involvement. A uniform post-mortem diagnostic protocol has not been established yet, highlighting the importance of international collaboration and standardized diagnostic criteria.

FORENSIC SCIENCE MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY (2021)

Review Microbiology

Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Ben Hu et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the research progress on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including virology characteristics, pathogenesis, and recent advances in treatment methods. Furthermore, it discusses in detail the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Shorter telomere lengths in patients with severe COVID-19 disease

Raul Sanchez-Vazquez et al.

Summary: Shorter telomeres are associated with increased severity of COVID-19, particularly in older patients. This suggests that molecular pathways related to aging play a role in the disease's progression.

AGING-US (2021)

Review Physiology

Healing after COVID-19: are survivors at risk for pulmonary fibrosis?

Lindsay T. McDonald

Summary: The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, responsible for COVID-19, was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and the World Health Organization declared a pandemic by March 2020. Concerns have been raised about potential long-term effects of COVID-19 on respiratory health, but with limited data available, predictions on long-term outcomes remain speculative. Improved recognition of potential risk factors for fibrotic disease through studying previous coronavirus outbreaks is crucial in understanding the potential long-term implications of COVID-19.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers profibrotic macrophage responses and lung fibrosis

Daniel Wendisch et al.

Summary: Analysis of pulmonary immune responses and lung pathology in patients with COVID-19 ARDS revealed an accumulation of profibrotic macrophages and similarities with macrophage populations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induced a profibrotic phenotype in human monocytes, suggesting a mechanistic link between the virus and fibroproliferative ARDS.
Article Critical Care Medicine

Pathophysiology of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Insights from Clinical Studies

Pratik Sinha et al.

CRITICAL CARE CLINICS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in COVID-19

Erola Pairo-Castineira et al.

Summary: In critically ill patients with COVID-19, host genetic variants associated with antiviral defense mechanisms and inflammatory organ damage were identified through a genome-wide association study. These genetic signals provide potential targets for therapeutic development and repurposing of existing drugs. Large-scale randomized clinical trials will be essential to confirm the effectiveness of targeted treatment strategies.

NATURE (2021)

Article Immunology

Longitudinal profiling of respiratory and systemic immune responses reveals myeloid cell-driven lung inflammation in severe COVID-19

Peter A. Szabo et al.

Summary: This study investigated the immune responses in the respiratory tract and blood of severe COVID-19 patients, revealing that T cells in the airways showed protective profiles while myeloid cells exhibited hyperinflammatory signatures. These findings provide important insights for understanding and treating COVID-19 lung pathology.

IMMUNITY (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Shared genetic etiology between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19 severity

Joao Fadista et al.

Summary: There is a positive genetic correlation between IPF and COVID-19 severity, but the causal relationship between IPF and COVID-19 severity is not clear. However, one specific IPF risk gene shows a causal effect on COVID-19 severity, while another IPF risk gene appears to have a protective effect against COVID-19 hospitalization in older adults.

EBIOMEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Trends over Time of Lung Function and Radiological Abnormalities in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Prospective, Observational, Cohort Study

Pierachille Santus et al.

Summary: This study on COVID-19 pneumonia patients found that functional abnormalities, including a restrictive ventilatory pattern, were present during the acute phase, while gas exchange parameters normalized at follow up, with some patients still having DLco values below 80% predicted.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2021)

Editorial Material Critical Care Medicine

Interstitial Lung Disease after COVID-19

Vincent Cottin et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2021)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study

Rachael A. Evans et al.

Summary: The study aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19-related hospitalization on health and employment, identify factors associated with recovery, and describe recovery phenotypes. Findings revealed that some patients did not fully recover six months after discharge, with factors such as female sex, middle age, comorbidities, and severe illness contributing to difficulties in recovery. The study also identified four different recovery phenotypes.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Correlation of autopsy pathological findings and imaging features from 9 fatal cases of COVID-19 pneumonia

Lingyun Zhao et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between radiological features and pulmonary pathology in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The predominant pattern of pulmonary injury was diffuse alveolar damage and interstitial inflammation, with various histopathology features observed. Imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia at the critically ill stage included diffuse ground-glass opacities with consolidation, interstitial thickening, and fibrous stripes, with fungal and bacterial co-infections also being observed. Typical imaging features were able to be correlated with underlying pathological findings.

MEDICINE (2021)

Article Respiratory System

Pulmonary fibrosis 4 months after COVID-19 is associated with severity of illness and blood leucocyte telomere length

Claire F. McGroder et al.

Summary: Patients who underwent mechanical ventilation for severe COVID-19 are more likely to develop fibrotic-like radiographic abnormalities after hospitalisation. The severity of initial illness, duration of mechanical ventilation, lactate dehydrogenase on admission, and leucocyte telomere length are independent risk factors for these abnormalities, which are correlated with lung function, cough, and frailty measures, but not with dyspnoea.

THORAX (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 in severe COVID-19 induces a TGF-β-dominated chronic immune response that does not target itself

Marta Ferreira-Gomes et al.

Summary: The study found that in severe COVID-19 patients, plasmablasts shift from IFN to TGF-beta instruction to produce IgA antibodies that are not specific to dominant SARS-CoV-2 antigens.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Critical Care Medicine

3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month respiratory outcomes in patients following COVID-19-related hospitalisation: a prospective study

Xiaojun Wu et al.

Summary: Most patients recovering from severe COVID-19 showed improvement in dyspnoea scores and exercise capacity over time, but a subgroup of patients still exhibited persistent physiological and radiographic changes at 12 months post-discharge. A unified pathway for respiratory follow-up is needed for COVID-19 patients.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Pulmonary Sequelae at 4 Months After COVID-19 Infection: A Single-Centre Experience of a COVID Follow-Up Service

Rebecca C. Robey et al.

Summary: After the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, over 78 million survivors were recorded. A retrospective analysis on 221 hospitalized COVID survivors found that persistent pulmonary sequelae were associated with smoking history, pre-existing diabetes, and length of stay. Tests showed abnormalities in pulmonary function and evidence of ground glass opacities and fibrosis on CT scans, indicating potential long-term lung issues in a portion of survivors.

ADVANCES IN THERAPY (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study

Lixue Huang et al.

LANCET (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Sandra Lopez-Leon et al.

Summary: This study aimed to identify studies assessing the long-term effects of COVID-19, estimating that 80% of infected patients will develop one or more long-term symptoms, with the most common being fatigue, headache, attention disorder, hair loss, and dyspnea.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Comparison of Residual Pulmonary Abnormalities 3 Months After Discharge in Patients Who Recovered From COVID-19 of Different Severity

Mei Zhou et al.

Summary: This study found that pulmonary abnormalities persisted in COVID-19 survivors at 3 months post-discharge, with more frequent and conspicuous sequelae observed in patients with severe/critical disease.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2021)

Article Respiratory System

Persistent Post-COVID-19 Interstitial Lung Disease An Observational Study of Corticosteroid Treatment

Katherine Jane Myall et al.

Summary: Following SARS-CoV-2 infection, some patients develop persistent radiological inflammatory lung disease and functional deficits. Early treatment with corticosteroids is well tolerated and associated with rapid and significant improvement.

ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Spatial mapping of SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1 lung injury identifies differential transcriptional signatures

Camilla Margaroli et al.

Summary: The study analyzed the differences in ARDS caused by SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1 infections in lung tissue, revealing enhanced pathological features in alveolar epithelium, vascular tissue, and lung macrophages in SARS-CoV-2, which may lead to more severe tissue damage.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2021)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Genome-Wide Association Study of Susceptibility to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Richard J. Allen et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2020)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Tocilizumab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis with interstitial lung disease: a multicentre retrospective study

Andreina Manfredi et al.

INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL (2020)

Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Chest CT Findings in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Its Relationship With Clinical Features

Jiong Wu et al.

INVESTIGATIVE RADIOLOGY (2020)

Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Interpretation of CT signs of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia

Jing Wu et al.

EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY (2020)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19: the potential role for antifibrotic therapy

Peter M. George et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19

Mingfeng Liao et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

Article Medicine, Legal

Complete post-mortem data in a fatal case of COVID-19: clinical, radiological and pathological correlations

Mathilde Ducloyer et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE (2020)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

COVID-19: The Potential Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Kacper Lechowicz et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2020)

Review Respiratory System

Respiratory follow-up of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia

Peter M. George et al.

THORAX (2020)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Tocilizumab in systemic sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

Dinesh Khanna et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2020)

Article Respiratory System

The JAK2 pathway is activated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Javier Milara et al.

RESPIRATORY RESEARCH (2018)

Review Respiratory System

Unclassifiable interstitial lung disease: A review

Kate Skolnik et al.

RESPIROLOGY (2016)

Review Respiratory System

The fibroproliferative response in acute respiratory distress syndrome: mechanisms and clinical significance

Ellen L. Burnham et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2014)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Phase 3 Trial of Pirfenidone in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Talmadge E. King et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2014)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy and Safety of Nintedanib in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Luca Richeldi et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2014)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Chest CT Features are Associated With Poorer Quality of Life in Acute Lung Injury Survivors

Ellen L. Burnham et al.

CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2013)

Article Genetics & Heredity

Genome-wide association study identifies multiple susceptibility loci for pulmonary fibrosis

Tasha E. Fingerlin et al.

NATURE GENETICS (2013)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Prednisone, Azathioprine, and N-Acetylcysteine for Pulmonary Fibrosis

Ganesh Raghu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2012)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Common MUC5B Promoter Polymorphism and Pulmonary Fibrosis

Max A. Seibold et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2011)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Medical progress - The acute respiratory distress syndrome.

LB Ware et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2000)