Observing ion diffusion and reciprocating hopping motion in water

When an ionic crystal dissolves in solvent, the positive and negative ions associated with solvent molecules release from the crystal. However, the existing form, interaction, and dynamics of ions in real solution are poorly understood because of the substantial experimental challenge. We observed the diffusion and aggregation of polyoxometalate (POM) ions in water by using liquid phase transmission electron microscopy. Real-time observation reveals an unexpected local reciprocating hopping motion of the ions in water, which may be caused by the short-range polymerized bridge of water molecules. We find that ion oligomers, existing as highly active clusters, undergo frequent splitting, aggregation, and rearrangement in dilute solution. The formation and dissociation of ion oligomers indicate a weak counterion-mediated interaction. Furthermore, POM ions with tetrahedral geometry show directional interaction compared with spherical ions, which presents structure-dependent dynamics.

Automated summary

When an ionic crystal dissolves in a solvent, the associated positive and negative ions are released. However, the understanding of the form, interaction, and dynamics of ions in real solution is limited due to experimental challenges. Using liquid phase transmission electron microscopy, we observed the diffusion and aggregation of POM ions in water. Real-time observation revealed unexpected local reciprocating hopping motion of ions, possibly due to short-range polymerized bridges of water molecules. Ion oligomers in dilute solution undergo frequent splitting, aggregation, and rearrangement, indicating weak counterion-mediated interaction. Furthermore, POM ions with tetrahedral geometry exhibit directional interaction and structure-dependent dynamics compared to spherical ions.