Glu-derived Zwitterionic Micelles Conquering the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier toward Oral Delivery

Amino acid transporters with different categories are highly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells for maintaining the essential metabolism of body. The zwitterionic property of amino acid with alpha-amino and alpha-carboxyl also has tremendous potential to conquer the mucus barrier. Therefore, Glu-derived amphiphilic block polymers [i. e., poly(lactic acid)-b-poly(glutamine)25 (PPQ) and poly(lactic acid)-b-poly(glutamate)25 (PPD)] were rational designed and Glu-derived zwitterionic micelles (PPQ-M and PPD-M) were further prepared toward oral delivery. In comparison with PEGylated micelles (PEG-M), PPD-M and PPQ-M possessed superior mucus permeability. In addition, enhanced cellular internalization capacity was also detected in both zwitterionic micelles, which was mainly mediated by multiple amino acid transporters. The cellular uptake efficiency of PPQ-M was obviously higher than that of PPD-M due to the glutamine constitutional unit of PPQ-M with higher affinity to amino acid transporters. Furthermore, the retrograde pathway played an important role in the intracellular transport (including transcytosis) of both zwitterionic micelles. Excellent villi absorption of zwitterionic micelles was observed in situ, which gave a convincing evidence for oral delivery application prospect. The results of this research demonstrated that Glu-derived zwitterionic micelles with distinguished capacity of conquering intestinal mucosal barrier, have promising potential toward oral delivery. Promising Glu-derived zwitterionic micelles have been established toward oral delivery. Superior mucus permeability and enhanced cellular internalization capacity were confirmed with Glu-derived zwitterionic micelles. Multiple amino acid transporters were verified to mediated endocytosis and the retrograde pathway played an important role in intracellular transport as well as further transcytosis transport. Excellent villi absorption in situ of zwitterionic micelles give a convincing evidence for oral delivery potential.+image

Automated summary

Glu-derived zwitterionic micelles have promising potential for oral delivery, with the ability to overcome the mucosal barrier, excellent mucus permeability, and enhanced cellular internalization capacity. The endocytosis was mediated by multiple amino acid transporters and the retrograde pathway played an important role in intracellular transport and transcytosis. The excellent villi absorption observed in situ provides convincing evidence for the potential of oral delivery.