Progress in etiological diagnosis of viral meningitis

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Ten Approaches That Improve Immunostaining: A Review of the Latest Advances for the Optimization of Immunofluorescence

Ricardo Pina et al.

Summary: Immunostaining is a valuable technique for protein localization in cells and tissues. This review discusses 10 methods for improving sample processing in immunofluorescence, as well as providing recommendations for further optimization.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Infectious Diseases

Viral capture sequencing detects unexpected viruses in the cerebrospinal fluid of adults with meningitis

Fiona McGill et al.

Summary: This study used viral capture sequencing to identify potential pathogenic viruses in adults with community-acquired meningitis. Toscana virus, rotavirus, and Saffold virus were identified as potential causative agents, which had not been previously reported in adults. Further research is needed to determine the prevalence of atypical viral candidates and the clinical impact of sequencing methods in real time. This knowledge can help reduce antimicrobial use and hospitalizations, benefiting both patients and the healthcare system.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Highly multiplex PCR assays by coupling the 5′-flap endonuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase and molecular beacon reporters

Qiuying Huang et al.

Summary: The article introduces a method called MeltArray, which allows for the detection of multiple targets in a single real-time PCR reaction. This method utilizes the enzyme activity of Taq DNA polymerase to generate fluorescent hybrids with different melting temperatures, enabling the detection of multiple targets. MeltArray has been validated with clinical samples and demonstrates the advantages of multiplicity, versatility, simplicity, and accessibility.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Microbiology

Cross-Reactive Antibody Respon ses against Nonpoliovirus Enteroviruses

Amy B. Rosenfeld et al.

Summary: Enteroviruses are common human pathogens that can cause a range of serious illnesses. Despite the genetic and antigenic similarity among nonpoliovirus enteroviruses (NPEVs), cross-reactive antibodies can bind and neutralize multiple NPEVs. However, this cross-reactivity cannot be predicted from phylogenetic analysis.

MBIO (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Infectious Diseases

Assessment of the FilmArray ME panel in 4199 consecutively tested cerebrospinal fluid samples

Johan Lindstrom et al.

Summary: Rapid syndromic panel testing, like the FilmArray ME panel, shows good performance in diagnosing central nervous system infections. However, the risk of false-negative results for specific pathogens (such as HSV-1) highlights the need for additional testing. Variability in performance among pathogens emphasizes the importance of ensuring accuracy through supplementary diagnostic procedures.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Virology

Enterovirus meningitis in Mayotte French Comoros Island, March-June 2019

Jacques Fourgeaud et al.

Summary: This study assessed the need for enterovirus and parechovirus diagnosis in Mayotte. The prevalence of enterovirus and parechovirus infections was found to be 14%, highlighting the importance of implementing this diagnosis to impact treatment and reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Infectious Diseases

The importance of enterovirus surveillance in a post-polio world

Thea K. Fischer et al.

Summary: Recent biosafety level 3+ guidelines have led to the closure of many national WHO poliovirus reference laboratories, reducing the capacity to detect and characterize non-polio enteroviruses from patient samples. To address this gap, the European Non-Poliovirus Enterovirus Network (ENPEN) has been established to develop surveillance platforms for non-polio enteroviruses and emerging viral diseases.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Development of a high-throughput RT-PCR based viral infectivity assay for monitoring the stability of a replicating recombinant Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis viral vector

Vineet Gupta et al.

Summary: This study developed a high-throughput infectivity detection method for the viral vector TT1, which showed increased sample throughput and improved assay flexibility compared to traditional methods. This method can be potentially used in vector formulation development and manufacturing processes.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Veterinary Sciences

Screening for Viral Nucleic Acids in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs With Central Nervous System Inflammation

Renee M. Barber et al.

Summary: Central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is a common cause of neurological dysfunction in dogs. Most cases are presumed to be autoimmune in nature, while a smaller number are infectious in origin. This study found no evidence to support occult viral infection as a cause of CNS inflammation in dogs, but suggested a potential association with La Crosse virus that requires further research for confirmation.

FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Immunology

Outbreak of central nervous system infections among children in Thai Binh, Viet Nam

Duc Long Phi et al.

Summary: From July to October 2020, there was a significant increase in the number of central nervous system infections in Thai Binh Pediatric Hospital, Viet Nam, with enteroviruses as the predominant pathogen. Older age and higher white blood cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid were significantly associated with CNS infections. Patients received empirical antimicrobial treatment, but there were no recorded deaths.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2022)

Add to Collection

Review Pediatrics

Etiology, Clinical Phenotypes, Epidemiological Correlates, Laboratory Biomarkers and Diagnostic Challenges of Pediatric Viral Meningitis: Descriptive Review

Saleh M. Al-Qahtani et al.

Summary: Meningitis is an inflammatory condition of the brain and spinal cord caused by infectious and non-infectious agents. Viral meningitis is the primary cause, and its clinical symptoms are similar to other forms of meningitis. Early recognition and treatment are crucial for preventing severe complications.

FRONTIERS IN PEDIATRICS (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Lipoprotein capture ELISA method for the sensitive detection of amphiphilic biomarkers

Kiersten D. Lenz et al.

Summary: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are widely used for protein target detection due to their ease of use, sensitivity, and ability to analyze large quantities of samples. However, detecting non-protein targets with ELISAs can be challenging due to the physical properties of these molecules. In this study, a unique lipoprotein capture ELISA was developed to detect non-protein biomarkers using the natural association between lipoproteins and amphiphilic molecules.

ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Immunology

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cell-free and whole-cell DNA in diagnosing central nervous system infections

Lili Yu et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the performance of mNGS in diagnosing CNS infections. The sensitivity and accuracy of mNGS using cfDNA were higher than wcDNA and conventional methods. mNGS showed better detection of viral and mycobacterial pathogens.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

Add to Collection

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Viral meningitis in Sudanese children: Differentiation, etiology and review of literature

Nada Abdelghani Abdelrahim et al.

Summary: Diagnosis of viral meningitis is uncommon in Sudan and there is no local viral etiological map. This study aimed to differentiate viral meningitis using clinical codes and determine the involvement of HSV-1/2, varicella zoster virus, non-polio HEVs, and human parechoviruses in meningitis in Sudanese children. The results showed a 3.2% incidence of viral meningitis among febrile children, with HSV-1 and non-polio HEVs being the main viruses detected.

MEDICINE (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Virology

Clinical and laboratory detection of nonpolio enteroviruses among different age groups of aseptic meningitis patients in Alexandria, Egypt

May Raouf et al.

Summary: The study confirmed the reliability of RT-PCR in detecting NPEV in cases of aseptic meningitis, while clinical and laboratory parameters were inconclusive. NPEV showed a low incidence and slight seasonal variation, prompting further investigation into other causes of viral meningitis throughout the year.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

Add to Collection

Review Virology

Viral meningitis: an overview

Amira Kohil et al.

Summary: Meningitis is a serious condition that affects the central nervous system and can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, with enteroviruses being the predominant cause worldwide. Clinical manifestations and symptoms of viral meningitis are similar for different causative agents, making early diagnosis challenging. The pathogenesis of viral meningitis is still not clearly defined, requiring further studies for improved patient healthcare.

ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY (2021)

Add to Collection

Review Virology

Pharmacogenomics of genetic polymorphism within the genes responsible for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and the drug-metabolising genes used in treatment

Laith N. AL-Eitan et al.

Summary: Pharmacogenomics aims to optimize drug treatment protocols by studying genetic variations. Recent studies have focused on genetic polymorphisms related to the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and drug-metabolizing enzyme genes for COVID-19 treatment. This field shows promise for improving patient evaluation and treatment response in the era of personalized medicine.

REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Infectious Diseases

Impact of a 24/7 multiplex-PCR on the management of patients with confirmed viral meningitis

Gauthier Pean de Ponfilly et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

High rate of human enteroviruses among clinically suspected meningitis cases at selected Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Ashenafi Alemu Wami et al.

Summary: A study conducted in hospitals in Addis Ababa found that human enteroviruses are a major cause of meningitis, especially common in infants under one year old. Clinical manifestations mainly include vomiting, fever, and impaired consciousness or irritability. Molecular tests are needed in investigating the etiology of meningitis.

PLOS ONE (2021)

Add to Collection

Review Virology

Multiscale Electron Microscopy for the Study of Viral Replication Organelles

Georg Wolff et al.

Summary: During infection, viral RNA synthesis is linked with modified intracellular membranes, forming unique structures within infected cells. Electron microscopy has played a crucial role in understanding these viral replication organelles, with various imaging modalities providing structural and functional information at different scales. Recent advancements, such as volume scanning SEM and in situ cryotomography, are beginning to shed light on the macromolecular complexity of viral ROs.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

Add to Collection

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Advances and insights in the diagnosis of viral infections

Julija Dronina et al.

Summary: Viral infections are a common global healthcare issue, with lack of medical equipment and facilities during pandemics posing challenges. Detection of viral infections involves three approaches: direct virus detection, antibody testing, and observation of disease symptoms.

JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Clinical Neurology

Differentiation of viral and autoimmune central nervous system inflammation by kynurenine pathway

Yi Luo et al.

Summary: The study suggests that elevated CSF Kyn concentrations and Kyn/Trp ratio may serve as biomarkers for distinguishing viral CNS infections from autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases, with particular clinical relevance in distinguishing between HSE and NMDARE. Further research is needed to explore the potential of CSF Kyn levels and Kyn/Trp ratio as routine parameters in patients with CNS diseases.

ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROLOGY (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Virology

The impact of viral infections on childhood central nervous system infections

Paula Eillanny Silva Marinho et al.

Summary: The study identified common viral pathogens causing central nervous system infections in pediatric patients, with flaviviruses being a major contributor. There was a correlation between clinical symptoms and laboratory findings for the viruses, emphasizing the importance of including viruses in laboratory diagnosis of CNS infections, especially flaviviruses, for early interventions by public health authorities.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

Add to Collection

Review Virology

What can cerebrospinal fluid testing and brain autopsies tell us about viral neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2

Yan-Chao Li et al.

Summary: The analysis of existing literature reveals the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients, with a higher detection rate in the olfactory system and brainstem. However, the number of patients showing positive results in the central nervous system seems very small, and limitations exist due to detection methods and sampling procedures.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Neurosciences

Molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses and predominance of echovirus 30 in an Iranian population with aseptic meningitis

Fatemeh Farshadpour et al.

Summary: Human enteroviruses are a common cause of aseptic meningitis, especially in Iran. This study found a high prevalence of enteroviruses in the South of Iran, with echovirus 30 being the most predominant serotype. Cases were more common in females and young children, with fever as the primary symptom.

JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Procalcitonin measurement using antibody-conjugated fluorescent microspheres distinguishes atypical bacterial meningitis from viral encephalitis in children

Xinquan Liu et al.

Summary: This study developed a novel PCT detection method based on FMS for differentiating between ABM and VE. PCT levels showed significant differences between ABM and VE groups, highlighting the clinical importance of this method in distinguishing between the two diseases.

ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Virology

Update in Diagnostics of Toscana Virus Infection in a Hyperendemic Region (Southern Spain)

Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gamez et al.

Summary: This study reports 107 cases of TOSV neurological infection identified in Andalusia, Spain, with the majority of cases located in the hyperendemic region of Granada province. The research highlights the potential underdiagnosis of TOSV neurological infection and introduces an automated method for detecting related viruses, aiming to improve diagnostic efficiency and speed for such syndromes.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Microbiology

Enhanced Virus Detection and Metagenomic Sequencing in Patients with Meningitis and Encephalitis

Anne Piantadosi et al.

Summary: Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) technology can assist in detecting multiple pathogens simultaneously, aiding in the diagnosis of neurological infections. In the study, this technique successfully identified pathogen nucleic acid in certain cases and helped uncover pathogens in cases that were clinically undiagnosed by traditional methods.

MBIO (2021)

Add to Collection

Review Infectious Diseases

Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Pediatric Meningitis and Encephalitis: A Review

Kelly Graff et al.

Summary: Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is a promising diagnostic test for pediatric meningitis and encephalitis, but there is currently variability in literature regarding its impact and cost-effectiveness, requiring further research to gather more clinical impact and cost-effectiveness data.

JOURNAL OF THE PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Parasitology

Arbovirus, herpesvirus, and enterovirus associated with neurological syndromes in adult patients of a university hospital, 2017-2018

Lucas Lopes Leon et al.

Summary: Viral genomes were detected in 35.2% of cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with suspected nervous system infections, emphasizing the high prevalence of viruses in the nervous system and the importance of nucleic acid amplification tests for detecting viral agents in CSF samples.

REVISTA DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE MEDICINA TROPICAL (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Immunology

Viral Metagenomic Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Acute Central Nervous System Infections of Unknown Origin, Vietnam

Nguyen To Anh et al.

Summary: The study utilized metagenomic next-generation sequencing to detect various viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with acute CNS infection in Vietnamese hospitals. Enteroviruses were found to be the most common type of viruses detected in the study.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Add to Collection

Review Infectious Diseases

Diagnostic test accuracy of the BioFire (R) FilmArray (R) meningitis/encephalitis panel: a systematic review and meta-analysis

G. S. Tansarli et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2020)

Add to Collection

Article Neurosciences

Repeated viral meningitis in a newborn

Abdulaziz Alhazmi et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY (2020)

Add to Collection

Article Immunology

Performance of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis of Viral Meningoencephalitis in a Resource-Limited Setting

Nguyen Thi Thu Hong et al.

OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

Add to Collection

Article Clinical Neurology

Genomic and serologic characterization of enterovirus A71 brainstem encephalitis

Kristoffer E. Leon et al.

NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION (2020)

Add to Collection

Article Immunology

Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Infectious Encephalitis and Meningitis: A Large, Prospective Case Series of 213 Patients

Xiao-Wei Xing et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

Add to Collection

Article Virology

Pediatric Enteroviral Central Nervous System Infections in Bialystok, Poland: Epidemiology, Viral Types, and Drivers of Seasonal Variation

Kacper Toczylowski et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2020)

Add to Collection

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Cell Cultures for Virology: Usability, Advantages, and Prospects

Alexander A. Dolskiy et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

Add to Collection

Review Agriculture, Multidisciplinary

Concentration of viruses and electron microscopy

I. D. Petrova et al.

VAVILOVSKII ZHURNAL GENETIKI I SELEKTSII (2020)

Add to Collection

Review Infectious Diseases

Diagnostic approach to encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in adult returning travellers

A. Kenfak et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2019)

Add to Collection

Review Clinical Neurology

Viral (aseptic) meningitis: A review

William F. Wright et al.

JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2019)

Add to Collection

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Laboratory validation of a clinical metagenomic sequencing assay for pathogen detection in cerebrospinal fluid

Steve Miller et al.

GENOME RESEARCH (2019)

Add to Collection

Article Neurosciences

Human adenovirus meningoencephalitis: a 3-years' overview

Luine Rosele Vidal et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY (2019)

Add to Collection

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical Metagenomic Sequencing for Diagnosis of Meningitis and Encephalitis

M. R. Wilson et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2019)

Add to Collection

Review Neurosciences

Mechanisms of Pathogen Invasion into the Central Nervous System

Matthew D. Cain et al.

NEURON (2019)

Add to Collection

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Enterovirus-Associated Hand-Foot and Mouth Disease and Neurological Complications in Japan and the Rest of the World

Gabriel Gonzalez et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2019)

Add to Collection

Review Infectious Diseases

High-throughput sequencing for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis. A narrative review and clinical appraisal

M. -C. Zanella et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2019)

Add to Collection

Article Immunology

Enterovirus A71 Infection and Neurologic Disease, Madrid, Spain, 2016

Carmen Nino Taravilla et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2019)

Add to Collection

Article Infectious Diseases

A novel and highly sensitive real-time nested RT-PCR assay in a single closed tube for detection of enterovirus

Xin-xin Shen et al.

DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2018)

Add to Collection

Article Microbiology

Evaluation of a Commercial Multiplex Molecular Panel for Diagnosis of Infectious Meningitis and Encephalitis

Rachael M. Liesman et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2018)

Add to Collection

Review Chemistry, Analytical

dPCR: A Technology Review

Phenix-Lan Quan et al.

SENSORS (2018)

Add to Collection

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Acute Viral Encephalitis

Kenneth L. Tyler

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2018)

Add to Collection

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Community-acquired acute meningitis and encephalitis: a narrative review

Miles H. Beaman

MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA (2018)

Add to Collection

Article Immunology

Limited Correlation of Shotgun Metagenomics Following Host Depletion and Routine Diagnostics for Viruses and Bacteria in Low Concentrated Surrogate and Clinical Samples

Corinne P. Oechslin et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2018)

Add to Collection

Article Infectious Diseases

Surveillance and laboratory detection for non-polio enteroviruses in the European Union/European Economic Area, 2016

Heli Harvala et al.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2017)

Add to Collection

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Diagnostic accuracy of two multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for the diagnosis of meningitis in children in a resource-limited setting

Jermaine Khumalo et al.

PLOS ONE (2017)

Add to Collection

Article Infectious Diseases

Characterization of antibody response in neuroinvasive infection caused by Toscana virus

A. Pierro et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2017)

Add to Collection

Review Infectious Diseases

Viral meningitis: current issues in diagnosis and treatment

Fiona McGill et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2017)

Add to Collection

Review Infectious Diseases

Impact of host gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Bita Moudi et al.

INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (2016)

Add to Collection

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the identification of encephalitis-causing viruses: Unexpected detection of human herpesvirus 1 while searching for RNA pathogens

Karol Perlejewski et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS (2015)

Add to Collection

Review Immunology

The impact of host genetic variation on infection with HIV-1

Paul J. McLaren et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2015)

Add to Collection

Article Infectious Diseases

Enterovirus infections in England and Wales, 2000-2011: the impact of increased molecular diagnostics

S. Kadambari et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2014)

Add to Collection

Article Immunology

Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2-United States, 1999-2010

Heather Bradley et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2014)

Add to Collection

Article Clinical Neurology

Atypical manifestations and poor outcome of herpes simplex encephalitis in the immunocompromised

Ik L. Tan et al.

NEUROLOGY (2012)

Add to Collection

Review Infectious Diseases

Diagnostic tools for Toscana virus infection

Maria Grazia Cusi et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY (2011)

Add to Collection

Letter Clinical Neurology

Epstein Barr virus is not a characteristic feature in the central nervous system in established multiple sclerosis

Laura A. N. Peferoen et al.

BRAIN (2010)

Add to Collection

Article Clinical Neurology

Epstein-Barr virus-specific antibody response in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with multiple sclerosis

Massimiliano Castellazzi et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2010)

Add to Collection

Article Clinical Neurology

Epstein-Barr virus infection is not a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis brain

Simon N. Willis et al.

BRAIN (2009)

Add to Collection

Article Microbiology

Eight-Plex PCR and Liquid-Array Detection of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Suspected Meningitis

Mette Kusk Boving et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2009)

Add to Collection

Article Virology

Direct identification of human enterovirus serotypes in cerebrospinal fluid by amplification and sequencing of the VP1 region

E. C. McWilliam Leitch et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY (2009)

Add to Collection

Article Clinical Neurology

An attempt to investigate the presence of Epstein Barr virus in multiple sclerosis and normal control brain tissue

Margaret L. Opsahl et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2007)

Add to Collection

Review Microbiology

Role of cell culture for virus detection in the age of technology

Diane S. Leland et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2007)

Add to Collection

Article Microbiology

DNA probe array for the simultaneous identification of herpesviruses, enteroviruses, and flaviviruses

J Korimbocus et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2005)

Add to Collection

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Viral meningitis

David R. Chadwick

BRITISH MEDICAL BULLETIN (2005)

Add to Collection

Article Virology

Improved diagnosis on a daily basis of enterovirus meningitis using a one-step real-time RT-PCR assay

C Archimbaud et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2004)

Add to Collection

Article Infectious Diseases

Comparison of nested PCR and real time PCR of herpesvirus infections of central nervous system in HIV patients

L Drago et al.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2004)

Add to Collection

Article Infectious Diseases

Laboratory diagnosis of enteroviral infections of the central nervous system by using a nested RT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay

C Guney et al.

DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2003)

Add to Collection

Article Virology

Enteroviral meningitis in Northern Jordan: Prevalence and association with clinical findings

MM Meqdam et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2002)

Add to Collection

Progress in etiological diagnosis of viral meningitis

Related references

Export Citation

Share Paper