Related references
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Article
Immunology
Nancy H. L. Leung et al.
Summary: In this study, it was found that a third dose of mRNA vaccine significantly improved antibody levels against the ancestral virus and the Omicron variant in Chinese adults aged >= 30 years who had previously received 2 doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. The third dose also had a well-tolerated safety profile.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Felicity Liew et al.
Summary: This study examined the nasal and plasma antibody responses in COVID-19 hospitalized patients one year after discharge and vaccination. The findings showed sustained elevated antibody responses in both nasal and plasma samples for at least 12 months, but the nasal antibody response was minimally influenced by vaccination. These findings highlight the importance of developing vaccines that enhance nasal immunity.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Qian Wang et al.
Summary: The BQ and XBB subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, with additional spike mutations, are rapidly expanding and have altered antibody evasion properties. Neutralization of BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB, and XBB.1 by vaccinated individuals and infected persons' sera was significantly impaired, including those boosted with a WA1/BA.5 bivalent mRNA vaccine. The titers against BQ and XBB subvariants were much lower than observed before, indicating that these subvariants pose a serious threat to current COVID-19 vaccines and render all authorized antibodies inactive.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Recent surveillance has identified the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which carries up to 36 mutations in the spike protein and has the potential to evade vaccine-induced immunity. This study found that individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines exhibited strong neutralization of the Omicron variant, while most vaccinees had weak neutralization. The study also revealed that the Omicron variant infects more efficiently than other tested variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Philip A. Mudd et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce potent immune responses, including antibodies and CD4(+) T cell responses. Research has found that vaccine-induced follicular helper CD4(+) T cell responses play a key role in establishing long-term immunity.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sam Afkhami et al.
Summary: The study found that using adenoviral vectors with a multivalent vaccine through intranasal immunization can generate better mucosal immune responses, including local and systemic antibody responses, mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells, and mucosal trained innate immunity, and provide protection against multiple viral variants.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Gang Zeng et al.
Summary: The study showed that a two-dose schedule of CoronaVac generated good immune response in adults, and a third dose given 8 months after the second dose effectively recalled specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, leading to a remarkable increase in antibody concentration. This indicates that the two-dose schedule provides good immune memory, and a primary third dose given 2 months after the second dose induced slightly higher antibody titres than the primary two doses.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Planas et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, identified in November 2021, has spread rapidly worldwide and shows resistance to most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and vaccine-elicited antibodies. However, it can be neutralized by antibodies generated by a booster vaccine dose.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: The study found that the Omicron variant has reduced neutralizing effectiveness in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2, but those who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed better neutralization against Omicron.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kang Wang et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is highly resistant to neutralizing antibodies, which raises concerns about the effectiveness of antibody therapies and vaccines. A study found that individuals who received two or three doses of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine had varying rates of seroconversion for neutralizing antibodies. The effectiveness of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron was significantly lower in individuals who received three vaccine doses. However, monoclonal antibodies derived from individuals who received three vaccine doses showed strong neutralizing activity against all variants of concern, including Omicron.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jinyan Liu et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that cellular immunity induced by current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is highly conserved to the Omicron spike protein. Individuals vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 vaccines showed durable spike-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses that were cross-reactive to both the Delta and Omicron variants, including in central and effector memory cellular subpopulations.
Review
Immunology
Paul Moss
Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Henning Gruell et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is greatly reduced in individuals who received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine or have recovered from the disease, but is significantly increased after a booster vaccine dose.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Samuel M. S. Cheng et al.
Summary: Specific antibody levels against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant decrease significantly after two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccines, but can be markedly increased with a booster dose of BNT162b2. Individuals who previously received two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac showed reduced serum antibody titers against Omicron, while a BNT162b2 booster dose increased the antibody levels in the majority of individuals. This suggests mRNA vaccine boosters may be necessary in countries primarily using CoronaVac vaccines to combat the spread of Omicron.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jingxin Li et al.
Summary: The study suggests that additional COVID-19 vaccine doses may be needed for individuals who initially received CoronaVac. Heterologous boosting with Convidecia, a recombinant adenovirus type 5 (AD5)-vectored vaccine, was found to be safe and more immunogenic than homologous boosting with CoronaVac in adults previously vaccinated with CoronaVac.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Roos S. G. Sablerolles et al.
Summary: This study investigated the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a homologous or heterologous booster in healthcare workers who had received a single-shot Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. The results showed that booster vaccinations increased the levels of S-specific binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, and T-cell responses compared to a single Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. Boosters containing mRNA-based vaccines induced significantly higher levels of binding antibodies than homologous boosters. The mRNA-1273 booster was the most immunogenic but had higher reactogenicity compared to the BNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S boosters. Local and systemic reactions were generally mild to moderate in the first 2 days after booster administration.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
R. L. Atmar et al.
Summary: This study investigated the efficacy of homologous and heterologous booster vaccines in adults who had completed a primary Covid-19 vaccine regimen. The results showed that both types of booster vaccines were safe and immunogenic.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Rolando Pajon et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Lorenzo Azzi et al.
Summary: BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine induces strong systemic immune response but poorly activates mucosal immunity.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rishi R. Goel et al.
Summary: This study examined the antibody and memory B cell responses after 2-dose mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 for a period of 9-10 months, as well as 3 months after a third dose. The results showed that antibody decay stabilized between 6 and 9 months, and the quality of antibodies continued to improve for at least 9 months after the second dose. The study also found that Spike and RBD-specific memory B cells remained durable over time, and a significant portion of RBD-specific memory B cells could bind to multiple variants. Omicron-binding memory B cells were efficiently activated by a third dose of the wild-type vaccine, leading to an increase in neutralizing antibody titers.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Roanne Keeton et al.
Summary: Despite reduced neutralizing antibody activity, T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection can cross-recognize the Omicron variant and provide protection.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Lianpan Dai et al.
Summary: The ZF2001 vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective against symptomatic and severe-to-critical Covid-19 in a large cohort of adults for at least 6 months after full vaccination.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Yuezhou Chen et al.
Summary: Key features of immune memory include stronger and faster antigen-specific antibody responses to repeat infection. Understanding the recognition of viral variants by memory cells and the influence of immune recall on the longevity of antibody responses is crucial. A study analyzing the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 variants, dynamics of memory B cells, and secreted antibodies over time after infection, vaccination, and boosting found that a two-dose vaccination regimen after natural infection resulted in greater antibody stability and broader recognition of variants. In COVID-naive individuals, a third mRNA vaccine dose conferred cross-variant neutralization potency and stability similar to hybrid immunity from infection and vaccination. Recovered individuals with enhanced antibody stability harbored more memory B cells cross-reactive to endemic coronaviruses early after infection. These findings highlight the impact of SARS-CoV-2 antigen challenges on antibody responses and repertoire composition.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Jingxin Li et al.
Summary: This study reports the safety and immune persistence data of the BNT162b1 vaccine in younger and older participants over a 6-month period. The results showed higher and longer-lasting antibody levels in younger participants, with no serious adverse events reported in the vaccine group.
ADVANCES IN THERAPY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qian Wang et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 have become dominant in the United States and South Africa, raising concerns about their ability to evade neutralizing antibodies and compromise the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic monoclonals. A systematic antigenic analysis reveals that BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 have different levels of resistance to antibodies, with BA.2.12.1 being modestly resistant and BA.4/5 being substantially resistant. Certain mutations in the spike protein facilitate antibody escape, but compromise the spike affinity for the viral receptor. Only bebtelovimab retains full potency against both subvariants.
Article
Virology
Hancong Sun et al.
Summary: The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, including the emergence of Omicron, has posed a serious threat to human health. In this study, a practical pseudovirus-based neutralization assay was established to validate the effectiveness of antibodies, vaccines, and potential drugs. The research revealed that Omicron can escape some neutralizing antibodies and demonstrated its immune evasion characteristics.
Article
Microbiology
Joseph Newman et al.
Summary: Analysis of sera from vaccinated individuals aged 70-89 reveals a decrease in neutralizing antibody titres against SARS-CoV-2 wildtype and antigenic escape of various variants of concern. Booster vaccination increases neutralizing antibody titres against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants in older adults.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Katie J. Ewer et al.
Summary: A single dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine can induce favorable immune responses that may help control or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Noam Barda et al.
Summary: A study using data from Israel's largest health-care organization showed that a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine is effective in preventing individuals from severe COVID-19-related outcomes, compared to receiving only two doses at least 5 months ago. The effectiveness of the third dose in preventing hospital admission was 93%, severe disease 92%, and COVID-19-related death 81%.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rishi R. Goel et al.
Summary: This study found that immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants remains robust for at least 6 months after mRNA vaccination, with antibodies declining but still detectable in most individuals. mRNA vaccines also induced functional memory B cells and antigen-specific T cells, with recall responses primarily increasing antibody levels in individuals with preexisting immunity.
Article
Immunology
Mariapia Guerrieri et al.
Summary: The study found that mRNA COVID-19 vaccine induces specific immune responses in nasal and salivary secretions against SARS-CoV-2, with stronger effects observed after the second dose of the vaccine. This suggests that mucosal antibody assays could potentially be used for non-invasive monitoring of vaccine-induced protection against viral infection.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Nicole Doria-Rose et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Frauke Muecksch et al.
Summary: This study examined the development of antibodies following infection with the coronavirus, finding that evolved antibodies had increased affinity and neutralization potency, altered mutational pathways for viral resistance, and restricted neutralization escape options. These findings suggest that increasing antibody diversity through prolonged or repeated antigen exposure may improve protection against diversifying populations of the virus and other pandemic threat coronaviruses.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jackson S. Turner et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce a persistent germinal centre B cell response in humans, leading to the generation of robust humoral immunity, especially more significant in individuals previously infected with the virus.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Alejandro Jara et al.
Summary: A study in Chile involving 10.2 million participants assessed the effectiveness of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine developed in China. Fully immunized individuals had vaccine effectiveness of 65.9% for preventing Covid-19 and 87.5% for preventing hospitalization, 90.3% for preventing ICU admission, and 86.3% for preventing death.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yinon M. Bar-On et al.
Summary: After receiving a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, Israeli residents aged 60 and above who had previously received two doses of the vaccine saw significantly lower rates of confirmed Covid-19 infection and severe illness compared to those who did not receive a booster shot, indicating the effectiveness of the booster dose in reducing infection and severe illness.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Jianhui Nie et al.
