The gut microbiota-brain axis in neurological disorder

The gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in the physiology and pathology of the host. Microbiota communicate with different organs of the organism by synthesizing hormones and regulating body activity. The interaction of the central nervous system (CNS) and gut signaling pathways includes chemical, neural immune and endocrine routes. Alteration or dysbiosis in the gut microbiota leads to different gastrointestinal tract disorders that ultimately impact host physiology because of the abnormal microbial metabolites that stimulate and trigger different physiologic reactions in the host body. Intestinal dysbiosis leads to a change in the bidirectional relationship between the CNS and GM, which is linked to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. Increasing preclinical and clinical studies/evidence indicate that gut microbes are a possible susceptibility factor for the progression of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this review, we discuss the crucial connection between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, the signaling pathways of multiple biological systems and the contribution of gut microbiota-related neurological disorders.

Automated summary

The gut microbiota has a significant impact on the host's physiology and pathology, communicating with different organs through hormone synthesis and regulation of body activity. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota leads to gastrointestinal disorders that affect host physiology through abnormal microbial metabolites. This dysbiosis alters the bidirectional relationship between the central nervous system and gut microbiota, contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbes may play a role in the progression of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and autism spectrum disorder.