Journal
SUSTAINABILITY
Volume 15, Issue 21, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/su152115323
Keywords
circular economy; industrial symbiosis; steelmaking by-products; basic oxygen furnace
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Steelmaking and ferrous metal processing are crucial for social and financial growth, but traditional processes generate hazardous wastes. Industries are adopting green procedures to treat and extract value from these wastes. This paper reviews industrial processes and summarizes recent industrial synergies and recovery technologies.
Steelmaking and ferrous metal processing companies are suppliers of great importance to a wide array of industries, thus being quintessential for the social and financial growth of regions and countries. Most used processes (i.e., blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace, and electric arc furnace-based) are, however, highly pollutant, generating hazardous wastes that were usually landfilled. Generated wastes are important sources of secondary raw materials such as zinc and iron, presenting interesting market value. Hence, aiming to develop green procedures, industries have been using diverse approaches to treat and detoxify hazardous wastes, extract and reuse added value components, or even use their existing infrastructures to convert the wastes generated by other industries into secondary raw materials for steel manufacturing. This paper reviews the main industrial processes, focusing on the waste-generating steps, and discloses the most recent and relevant industrial synergies toward a circular economy. The final contribution of this study consists of the compilation of industrial synergies and recovery technologies for the steelmaking and metal processes.
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