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Review
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Summary: This review highlights the applications of nanozymes in electrochemical biosensors, including different types of nanozymes and the methods for detecting various analytes. In addition, current challenges and future research directions are discussed.
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Summary: Nanozymes, as emerging artificial enzymes, have attracted attention in the sensing field due to their superior catalytic properties and high stability. Nanozyme-based electrochemical sensing has experienced fast growth, providing high sensitivity, selectivity, ease of miniaturization, and versatile signal reporting modes. This article discusses representative works in the field, focusing on different signal reporting manners, such as traditional electrochemical assays, electrochemiluminescent, and photoelectrochemical sensing. Furthermore, the current challenges and future perspectives are also addressed.
JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
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Summary: Researchers developed a novel hybrid peroxidase-like nanocatalyst PtNP@g-C3N4 nanosheets, which can solve the problem of self-agglomeration of platinum nanoparticles and exhibit enhanced catalytic activity. The nanocatalyst can quickly catalyze oxidation reactions and be used for H2O2 and oxidase-based colorimetric assays.
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Guiyin Li et al.
Summary: This study constructed an ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor for the detection of GPC3, based on the nanozyme-enhanced silver deposition signal amplification strategy. The biosensor successfully quantified the amount of GPC3 by measuring the deposited silver, which was derived from the interaction of GPC3, GPC3 antibody, and GPC3 aptamer. The biosensor showed good linearity and sensitivity in the detection of GPC3, and it was also validated for practical applications with actual serum samples.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Miaomiao Wang et al.
Summary: Nanozymes are nanomaterials that possess the enzyme-like catalytic functions of natural enzymes as well as the unique properties of nanomaterials. They have gained increasing attention in environmental science and life sciences due to their catalytic activity, stability, tunability, recyclability, and versatility. This review focuses on the recent applications of nanozymes in environmental monitoring, management, and protection. The tuning of nanozymes' catalytic activity based on factors like size, shape, composition, doping, and surface coating is introduced, followed by detailed discussions on their applications in detecting inorganic ions, molecules, organics, and foodborne pathogenic bacteria, as well as their involvement in the degradation of phenolic compounds, dyes, and antibiotics. Additionally, the potential of nanozymes in air purification, biofuel cell construction, and marine antibacterial fouling removal is highlighted. The review concludes with a discussion on the current challenges and future trends of nanozymes in environmental fields.
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Summary: This review summarizes the recent advancements in nanozymes and their applications in point-of-care biosensors. Nanozymes, as enzyme-mimicking components in biosensing systems, offer improved performance and miniaturization of sensors. Various nanomaterials have been explored for the development of nanozyme-based biosensors, and different sensing strategies have been implemented using nanozymes as signal-producing components. Challenges, such as stability and specificity, need to be addressed for wider applications. The integration of nanozymes into point-of-care diagnostics promises to revolutionize healthcare by enhancing the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic tools.
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Liu Tong et al.
Summary: Amperometric sensors evaluate current changes resulting from redox reactions under constant applied potential. Enzymes, due to their unique features, are widely used to enhance their performance. However, natural enzymes have inherent drawbacks, prompting scientists to develop nanozymes with enzymatic properties. Significant progress has been made in the development of nanozyme-based amperometric sensors, highlighting achievements in recent years and discussing current challenges and future research directions.
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ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
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Summary: Nanozymes, artificial enzymes based on engineered nanomaterials, have been developed to overcome inherent drawbacks of natural enzymes, showing great potential for various applications. Carbon dots have garnered significant attention for their high catalytic activity and biocompatibility, serving as possible alternatives in biomedical and environmental fields. Studies have shown that carbon dots can mimic different oxidoreductases, exhibiting multiple enzyme-like activities.
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Meenakshi Talukdar et al.
Summary: Advanced carbon-based materials with smart engineering and architecture are crucial in effective visible-light-induced applications as catalysts. Fluorescent carbon nitride, one of the oldest semiconductor materials, has been extensively modified to improve its performance and meet future requirements. The abundant and easy production of aromatic tri-s-triazine carbon nitride has shown interdisciplinary potential for versatile applications. Extensive efforts have been made to investigate and enhance its chemistry, beyond initial expectations. However, the low electronic conductivity, lack of absorption above 460 nm, and low surface area in bulk carbon nitride limit its pristine applications. The integration of different functionalities with pristine g-C3N4 has led to a deeper understanding of this material in a broader framework.
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Beatriz Arevalo et al.
Summary: A dual immunosensor was developed for the simultaneous determination of two important immunity-related cytokines, BAFF and APRIL. The immunosensor showed high sensitivity and low detection limits, making it suitable for detecting these cytokines in cancer cell lysates and serum samples.
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Guihua Jiang et al.
Summary: In this study, a multifunctional carbon nanodots-decorated plasmonic Au@Ag nanoenzymes coupled with Ti2C/Ag2S composites were developed for photoelectrochemical biosensing of microRNA. The sensor demonstrated a wide linear range and low limit of detection, and the engineered nanoenzymes offered environmentally friendly and multifunctional signal amplification. This research has potential applications in biomarker detection and disease diagnostics.
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N. Gupta et al.
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Luping Feng et al.
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ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
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Fareeha Arshad et al.
Summary: This article presents the recent advances in nanozyme based biosensors and discusses the challenges in this field. Studies have shown that synthetic enzyme-based biosensors can effectively detect various clinical biomarkers, thus having the potential to replace conventional testing methods.
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Seyyed Mehdi Khoshfetrat et al.
Summary: A sensitive electrochemiluminescence immuno-DNA sensor was designed to analyze circulating cell free DNA (cfDNA) methylation. The sensor achieved multiple signal amplification without bisulfite and PCR amplification by using magnetic nanoparticles/anti-5-methylcytosine monoclonal antibody and a nanozyme with phosphorylated DNA capture probe immobilized. The method successfully identified tumor-specific methylated DNA in the plasma of thyroid cancer patients and demonstrated high clinical sensitivity.
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Nannan Lu et al.
Summary: The development of hybrid nanozymes with high catalytic efficiency is crucial for enzyme mimics in biological catalytic fields. In this study, a polydopamine surface modification assisted pyrolysis strategy was used to prepare CoO nanoparticles/N-doped carbon sheets/reduced graphene oxide composites. The resulting nanomaterials exhibited superior conductivity and intrinsic oxidase-like characteristic, making them ideal for ultrasensitive signal amplification in the simultaneous detection of dopamine and uric acid. The electrochemical sensor showed ultrahigh sensitivities and good stability, demonstrating its potential in biosensing and clinical diagnosis.
ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS
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Guiyin Li et al.
Summary: This study developed a novel biosensor for real-time detection of diabetes using nanozyme and enzymatic reaction. The biosensor showed good specificity, sensitivity, and stability, making it effective for the diagnosis of diabetes.
BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Reddicherla Umapathi et al.
Summary: Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN)-based nanostructures have shown promising applications in electrochemical detection of hazardous contaminants. However, a comprehensive analysis of recent research developments and the use of GCN-based sensing materials in electrochemical detection has not been fully explored. In this review, the synthesis, properties, and applications of GCN composites for the detection of hazardous contaminants were systematically analyzed and reviewed, providing insights into the immobilization methods, modification strategies, advantages, and disadvantages. The potential of GCN-based sensing materials for on-site electrochemical detection of hazardous contaminants and the advantages of on-site electrochemical sensing strategies and portable devices were emphasized.
COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS
(2022)
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Chemistry, Applied
Xiaodong Cao et al.
Summary: An electrochemical biosensor based on BQDs-AuNPs nanozyme and EATR strategy was developed for detecting ompA gene of C. sakazakii, showing a broad linear range and low detection limit. The biosensor could also be used for direct detection of extracted DNA from C. sakazakii and impA gene segments in contaminated infant formula.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yu Liu et al.
Summary: In this work, Co nanoparticles decorated bamboo-like N-doped carbon nanotubes (Co-BNCNTs) were designed as a novel signal amplification platform for dopamine (DA) sensing. The Co-BNCNTs/GCE biosensor exhibited good stability, selectivity, a wide detection range, and a low detection limit. Furthermore, this study presented an effective method for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles encapsulated into CNTs catalysts as nanozymes for biosensing applications.
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zhaoshen Li et al.
Summary: Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes have advantages such as good catalytic performance, high stability, and low cost. This study demonstrates the preparation of a nanozyme based on the dispersion of hemin by graphene quantum dot (GQD) and its application in colorimetric detection of glutathione (GSH). The nanozyme exhibits excellent peroxidase-like activity and can be used as a sensitive platform for the detection of GSH. The mechanisms underlying the nanozyme activity have also been investigated.
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Chemistry, Physical
Livia Alexandra Dinu et al.
Summary: In this study, copper nanocubes were electrodeposited on graphene nanomaterials to develop a sensitive and selective nanozyme-based electrochemical sensor for dopamine detection in plasma samples. The electrodeposition process of copper was optimized to obtain cubic-shaped nanocubes, increasing the active area of the sensor. Various characterization techniques were used to investigate the surface of the nanomaterial. The nanozyme sensor exhibited a linear response over a wide concentration range and showed high selectivity towards dopamine in the presence of other neurotransmitters. Detection of dopamine in human plasma samples yielded high recovery rates, demonstrating the reliability of the method.
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(2022)
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Engineering, Environmental
K. Harikrishnan et al.
Summary: The presence of organic pollutants in the environment poses significant health risks, therefore, monitoring and controlling their levels is imperative. In this study, g-C3N4/BN nanocomposites were synthesized and used as a basis for an electrochemical sensor for detecting hazardous hydroquinone. The sensor demonstrated good sensitivity and practicality.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Nisha Dhiman et al.
Summary: Developing nanozymes, enzyme-mimicking nanomaterials, has enormous scientific and practical significance in overcoming issues such as instability, difficult storage, and high cost associated with natural enzymes. The emergence of nano-carbons has significantly advanced the field of enzyme mimetics due to their unique structure and properties. Nano-carbons, with their large specific surface area, maximize active sites and accelerate electron transfer in catalytic reactions, serving as direct substitutes for natural enzymes.
MATERIALS ADVANCES
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Reddicherla Umapathi et al.
Summary: GCN nanostructures are important nanomaterials with versatile properties for electrochemical detection of hazardous contaminants, showing great potential for various applications.
COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Hui Ding et al.
Summary: Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties that address the limitations of traditional enzymes and offer multifunctional platforms for biomedical applications. Carbon nanomaterials, with well-defined structures, have shown to be ideal substitutes for traditional enzymes in mimicking the catalytic centers of natural enzymes.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Chao Lu et al.
Summary: Graphitic carbon nitride with ordered two-dimensional structure has various properties, but its application in electrochemical fields faces challenges. Nanostructure engineering can improve its performance and enable wider applications in electrochemistry.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Oleh Smutok et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates the fabrication and characterization of sensitive biosensors for detecting ethanol and glucose using new micro/nanocomposite electrodes with peroxidase-like activity (nanozyme) coupled with microbial oxidases. The developed nanozyme, synthesized by modifying carbon microfibers with hemin and gold nanoparticles, exhibited higher specific catalytic activity and sensitivity for H2O2. By fixing AOX or GOX on the modified electrodes, diffusion limitation for substrates was eliminated, resulting in highly sensitive ethanol and glucose biosensors. The biosensors were successfully tested in real samples of grape must and wine, showing good agreement with reference enzymatic kits.
ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
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Chemistry, Physical
Xingyu Wang et al.
Summary: This article discusses the peroxidase mimicry of carbon-based nanozymes, analyzing the effects of their structure and surface properties on activity, demonstrating the potential of carbon nitride quantum dot systems in nanozyme applications.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Habibulla Imran et al.
Summary: The study introduces a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor with high sensitivity and fast response time, suitable for monitoring human samples under physiological conditions. The sensor features a wide linear range and low detection limit, and can be reused up to 4 times in whole blood, contributing to cost reduction.
BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY
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Shuhuai Li et al.
Summary: A dual catalytic amplification strategy using Fe3O4/C-dots@Ag-MOFs was developed for the detection of PM, achieving high sensitivity and selectivity. The designed electrochemical microfluidic paper-based chip showed a detection limit of 1.16 x 10(-11) mol L-1 and successful application in determining PM in agricultural products and environmental samples. The combination of this strategy with an MIP significantly enhanced the sensitivity and selectivity of the chip.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yifu Zhu et al.
Summary: In this study, a flexible graphene nanozyme electrode was prepared on polyimide using laser writing technology for intelligent evaluation of fish freshness. The electrode demonstrated excellent flexibility and conductivity, exhibiting nanozyme characteristics. Detection of xanthine and hypoxanthine, combined with machine learning, enabled smart analysis and digital output for fish freshness assessment.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
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Seyyed Mehdi Khoshfetrat et al.
Summary: The study introduces a strategy using high catalytic activity artificial enzyme mimics for detecting biomarkers, successfully achieving detection of PSA with high sensitivity.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
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Ming Li et al.
Summary: A sandwich-type electrochemical biosensor was developed for the detection of sulfamethazine, showing good sensitivity and selectivity, providing an important tool for food safety.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
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Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Bhargav D. Mansuriya et al.
Summary: An ultrasensitive enzyme-free electrochemical nano-immunosensor based on a screen-printed gold electrode (SPGE) modified with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was developed for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by detecting cardiac troponin-I (cTnI). The sensor was capable of quantifying cTnI using square-wave voltammetry (SWV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and amperometry in a wide concentration range. The sensor showed high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid detection time, making it promising for on-site AMI detection.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Deming He et al.
Summary: Nanozymes, specifically carbon-dots-based nanozymes, are nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities that have shown great potential in biosensing, detection, and biomedical applications. Despite the research upsurge in this area, there is a lack of published reviews focusing on CDs nanozymes. Addressing the critical issues and challenges in researching nanozymes, this review aims to broaden the understanding and promote the development of nanozymes and CDs nanozymes.
CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS
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Ahyun Lee et al.
Summary: By introducing Mn(acetate)(2) during the synthetic step, the enzymatic properties of metal induced N-doped carbon dots were enhanced, allowing for the development of a colorimetric sensor system for detecting brain-related diseases.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jun Jin et al.
Summary: Nanozymes, as functional nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties, have advantages over natural enzymes in terms of stability, cost, design versatility, and applicability. Carbon dots are an ideal choice for composite materials due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Thorough understanding of the working principles, performance evaluation, and application scope of CDs-based nanozymes is crucial for their development in various fields.
FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY
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Vishakha Nirbhaya et al.
Summary: The study presents the fabrication of a thionine functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets-based ultrasensing platform for the detection of food toxin Aflatoxin B1. The fabricated biosensing electrode exhibited a lower limit of detection of 0.328 fg mL(-1), a linear detection range between 1 fg mL(-1) to 1 ng mL(-1), and a sensitivity of 4.85 mu A log [ng(-1) mL] cm(-2) with stability up to 7 weeks.
BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY
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Engineering, Environmental
Linqiang Mei et al.
Summary: The emergence of nanozymes as promising candidates for combating bacteria is driven by their combination of advantages from nanomaterials and natural enzymes, resulting in low cost, good stability, controllable size, easy preparation, multifunctionality, and superior catalytic activity, making them potent antibacterial agents with broad-spectrum antibacterial abilities and biocompatibility.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
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Veeramani Mangala Gowri et al.
Summary: This study aimed to find a suitable morphology of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) for electrocatalytic applications, with g-CN nanosheets (g-CNNS) showing the highest electrocatalytic activity among different morphologies. The g-CNNS electrode was successfully utilized for the sensitive determination of hydrogen peroxide (HP) in blood serum samples.
JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
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Electrochemistry
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Summary: In this study, graphene decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au-rGO) was synthesized in a single step and used for electro-catalytic oxidation of catechol. The Au-rGO/SPE showed higher sensitivity and better recovery rates for catechol detection in tap and mineral water compared to the laccase-modified electrode (Lac/SPE).
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Youxiong Zhang et al.
Summary: This study presents a facile and versatile competitive electrochemical aptasensor for detecting tobramycin (TOB) based on a metal-organic framework (MOF) sensing interface. By using electrochemical-deposited AuNPs coordinated with PEI-functionalized Fe-based MOF as a signal-amplification platform and DNA probes labeled with methylene blue, the aptasensor demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity, showing potential for detecting other antibiotics through aptamer replacement.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Yingfen Wu et al.
Summary: Nanozymes are artificial enzymes with excellent catalytic activities, adaptable surface structures, and three main classes that catalyze specific reactions. They have expanded applications in diverse fields, with biosensing being the most popular. Nanozyme-based novel biosensors have been designed to detect various substances like ions, small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, and cancer cells.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
S. Vinoth et al.
Summary: Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a promising material for sensing applications due to its identifiable changes in conductivity, wide exploration as a photocatalyst, and potential use as an electrochemical sensor for detecting various substances in environmental and healthcare applications. Researchers can further explore the fascinating aspects of g-C3N4 as a sensing platform with insights from this review.
TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
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Review
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Bhaskar Das et al.
Summary: Nanozymes have attracted attention for their ability to mimic natural enzymes while overcoming their limitations. They offer advantages such as diverse activities, low cost, high stability, and compatibility, making them suitable for various biosensing applications. Their integration in point-of-care diagnostics shows potential, although challenges remain in achieving truly ASSURED solutions.
NANO-MICRO LETTERS
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Materials Science, Biomaterials
Hanqing Zhao et al.
Summary: Superoxide dismutases (SODs) play a crucial role in combating damage from reactive oxygen species in oxidative stress-related diseases. Nanozymes, as substitutes for SODs, offer better stability and cost-effectiveness.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY B
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Summary: This work presents a selective and sensitive method for detecting Ibuprofen based on the peroxidase mimic activity of CuS nanoparticles decorated on 2D graphitic carbon nitride and hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets. The synthesized nanocomposites show a colorimetric detection of Ibuprofen with a detection limit of 16.01 and 21.20 mg/L within the linear range of 0-100 mg/L, and demonstrate high specificity and anti-interfering ability in real water systems.
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Summary: The Fe3O4/CeO2/C-dot nanozyme hybrid nanocomposite exhibits horseradish peroxidase-like catalytic activity, allowing for detection of H2O2, with different linear ranges observed in catalytic and electrocatalytic determination of hydrogen peroxide.
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