Four-Dimensional-Printed Microrobots and Their Applications: A Review

Owing to their small size, microrobots have many potential applications. In addition, four-dimensional (4D) printing facilitates reversible shape transformation over time or upon the application of stimuli. By combining the concept of microrobots and 4D printing, it may be possible to realize more sophisticated next-generation microrobot designs that can be actuated by applying various stimuli, and also demonstrates profound implications for various applications, including drug delivery, cells delivery, soft robotics, object release and others. Herein, recent advances in 4D-printed microrobots are reviewed, including strategies for facilitating shape transformations, diverse types of external stimuli, and medical and nonmedical applications of microrobots. Finally, to conclude the paper, the challenges and the prospects of 4D-printed microrobots are highlighted.

Automated summary

Due to their small size, microrobots have various potential applications. 4D printing enables reversible shape transformation over time or upon stimuli, leading to a more sophisticated microrobot design. This paper reviews recent advances in 4D-printed microrobots, including strategies for shape transformations, types of external stimuli, and medical and nonmedical applications. The challenges and prospects of 4D-printed microrobots are also highlighted.