Cell membrane-based nanomaterials for theranostics of central nervous system diseases

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases have been widely acknowledged as one of the major healthy concerns globally, which lead to serious impacts on human health. There will be about 135 million CNS diseases cases worldwide by mid-century, and CNS diseases will become the second leading cause of death after the cardiovascular disease by 2040. Most CNS diseases lack of effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies with one of the reasons that the biological barrier extremely hampers the delivery of theranostic agents. In recent years, nanotechnology-based drug delivery is a quite promising way for CNS diseases due to excellent properties. Among them, cell membrane-based nanomaterials with natural bio-surface, high biocompatibility and biosafety, are of great significance in both the diagnosis and treatment of different CNS diseases. In this review, the state of art of the fabrication of cell membranes-based nanomaterials is introduced. The characteristics of different CNS diseases, and the application of cell membranes-based nanomaterials in the theranostics are summarized. In addition, the future prospects and limitations of cell membrane nanotechnology are anticipated. Through summarizing the state of art of the fabrication, giving examples of CNS diseases, and highlighting the applications in theranostics, the current review provides designing methods and ideas for subsequent cell membrane nanomaterials.

Automated summary

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are a major global health concern with serious impacts on human health. It is estimated that there will be about 135 million cases of CNS diseases worldwide by mid-century, making it the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases by 2040. The delivery of theranostic agents is hampered by the biological barrier, leading to a lack of effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for most CNS diseases. Recent advancements in nanotechnology-based drug delivery offer promising solutions, particularly cell membrane-based nanomaterials with natural bio-surface, high biocompatibility, and biosafety. This review provides an overview of the fabrication of cell membrane-based nanomaterials, summaries of different CNS diseases and the application of cell membrane-based nanomaterials in theranostics, as well as future prospects and limitations of cell membrane nanotechnology.