Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID
Volume 14, Issue 4, Pages 3046-3057Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TSG.2022.3220763
Keywords
Frequency control; denial of service attacks; sliding mode control; vehicle to grid
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This paper proposes a resilient frequency regulation scheme using adaptive vehicle-to-grid technology to reduce the impact of uncertain power fluctuations in electric vehicles and to mitigate the effects of denial of service attacks. The scheme integrates integral sliding mode control and a periodic event-triggered mechanism to improve communication efficiency. An adaptive mechanism for V2G frequency regulation capacity is also proposed to adapt to attack intensity and improve performance under high-intensity attacks.
The latest developments in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology enable electric vehicles (EVs) to participate in frequency regulation (FR), reducing the impact of uncertain power fluctuations in highly penetrated renewable resources. However, the performance of FR is threatened by cyber attacks that compromise control communications. Considering denial of service (DoS) attacks on EV communications, this paper proposes a resilient FR scheme via adaptive V2G capacity-based integral sliding mode control (ISMC). The proposed scheme utilizes ISMC to mitigate uncertain disturbances from renewable resources and loads and the impact of DoS attacks. A periodic event-triggered mechanism (PETM) is integrated into the ISMC to reduce communication burden. Importantly, an adaptive mechanism of V2G frequency regulation capacity (FRC) is proposed in ISMC to adapt to the estimated attack intensity to prevent DoS attacks from further deteriorating FR performance. The proposed adaptive mechanism recommends using a conservative V2G FRC profile to improve FR performance under high-intensity attacks. Two case studies of the IEEE-39 bus system illustrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed scheme.
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