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Summary: The large and rapidly growing family of 2D early transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXenes) has attracted significant interest in the materials science and chemistry communities. MXenes have demonstrated outstanding potential in various applications and their research on friction and wear performance is rapidly growing. In this perspective, the most promising results in MXene tribology are summarized, future important problems are outlined, and methodological recommendations are provided.
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Summary: Interfacial layer engineering is an effective strategy for boosting power output in semiconductor-based dynamic DC generators. This study compares the characteristics of metal-oxide-metal heterojunctions prepared by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) in vertical and horizontal configurations to investigate the underlying mechanism of power enhancement. It is found that increasing the thickness of the interfacial layer linearly increases the open-circuit voltage while decreasing the short-circuit current density. The elucidation of this mechanism is important for the development and optimization of high-performance DC nanogenerators.
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(2022)
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Summary: Energy harvesters based on the tribovoltaic effect show increased tribo-voltage and tribo-current at liquid-solid interfaces with higher temperatures. The coupling effect of liquid pH value and temperature on the tribovoltaic effect is also demonstrated. A proposed energy band model suggests that the generation of tribovoltaic effect is attributed to the energy released by the formation of chemical bonds between the liquid and solid surfaces.
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Yunkang Chen et al.
Summary: This study investigates the carrier excitation and transport mechanism in gallium nitride-based semiconductor direct-current TENGs (SDC-TENGs). The results reveal that the carrier transport direction is dominated by the interfacial electric field formed by triboelectrification, and this is verified under different bias voltages. Additionally, the characteristics dependent on the frictional force have been investigated, showing that a larger frictional force results in a larger interface electric field and more excited carriers.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
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Summary: Tribovoltaic nanogenerators (TVNGs) are a new energy harvesting technique with great features. The MS-TVNG, assembled with an MXene layer and a semiconducting silicon wafer, provides high peak current and has wear-resistance and stable output properties.
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(2022)
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ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2022)
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Peter Serles et al.
Summary: This study reveals the friction mechanisms of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXenes, showing that their lubrication behavior is determined by the surface termination species. MXenes do not exhibit friction layer dependence like other 2D materials, and annealing leads to a reduction in friction of 16-57%. Additionally, MXene flakes demonstrate stability upon isolation from their aqueous environment.
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Hua Yuan et al.
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Xiyan Xu et al.
Summary: This study systematically investigates the relationship between the interfacial properties of a tribovoltaic generator and its output performance. A quantification equation is derived to analyze the effects of contact area, load force, and surface state density on the generator's performance. The experimental results confirm the theoretical analysis and the contributions of interfacial electric field and magnetic field to the tribovoltaic effect are discussed.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Guangming Liu et al.
Summary: In this study, we present a detailed theoretical investigation on the generation of electric voltage at sliding metal-semiconductor interfaces. By solving a two-band Anderson-Holstein model, we demonstrate that the high local temperature induced by mechanical motion can lead to electron-hole pair generation through electron-phonon couplings. The efficiency of electron-hole generation and electric voltage are quantified as functions of local temperatures and semiconductor bandgaps. Our findings show that increasing local temperatures enhances electron-hole generation and electric voltage. Additionally, we observe a turnover for the electric voltage as a function of the bandgap, consistent with experimental results. This study offers a theoretical framework to understand tribovoltaic effects from a quantum mechanical perspective and enables quantitative simulations of realistic sliding metal-semiconductor junctions.
Article
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Ruizhe Yang et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates for the first time that the tribovoltaic DC effect in dynamic semiconductor heterojunctions can be tuned through a metal-insulator transition, such as in vanadium dioxide material. The short-circuit current in metallic state can be enhanced by more than 20 times without affecting the open-circuit voltage, which can be explained by the Hubbard model for Mott insulator.
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Summary: Letter handwriting, especially stroke correction, is of great importance. A biodegradable and conductive carboxymethyl chitosan-silk fibroin film was prepared to design a wearable triboelectric nanogenerator. The CSF-TENG-based human-machine interface can automatically recognize and correct letters, providing a straightforward communication medium between humans and machines.
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Summary: This study presents the first industrially exploited 3D braided stretchable hierarchical interlocking fancy-yarn TENG (3D HIFY-TENG) for self-powered energy harvesting and biomechanical sensing. The 3D HIFY-TENG demonstrates mechanical robustness, stretchability, weavability, washability, and human-body comfort. Moreover, multifunctional 3D HIFY-TENG fabrics are explored, and a smart fitness system is developed for real-time exercise detection and posture correction.
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Ronghui Wu et al.
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NANO-MICRO LETTERS
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Di Yang et al.
Summary: The relationship between triboelectrification and tribological characteristics at the metal-semiconductor heterojunction interface was studied, and a new strategy for achieving a stable DC triboelectric output and wear resistance was proposed through controlling the tribological behavior.
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Wenyan Qiao et al.
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ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
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Prashant Pendyala et al.
Summary: MXenes are a class of emerging two-dimensional lamellar materials with diverse structures and chemical inertness. The frictional characteristics of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets were found to depend on the number of layers, with friction decreasing as the number of layers increased. The layer dependence is attributed to the reduced elastic compliance with an increase in the number of layers. Furthermore, tuning the out-of-plane mechanical properties of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets can enhance their lubrication performance.
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Jinchao Xia et al.
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Zhaozheng Wang et al.
Summary: This research proposes a semiconductor DC triboelectric nanogenerator (SDC-TENG) using gallium nitride/silicon (GaN/Si) heterojunction, which has ultrahigh voltage and power density. The SDC-TENG can maintain high output voltage at different speeds, has great durability, and performs significantly better than traditional polymer TENGs.
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Summary: A new power-generating device converting water flow energy to electricity has been proposed, achieving sustainable voltage and current output through a dynamic PN water junction generator. It provides a new power solution for wearable devices and IoT applications.
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Z. Zhang et al.
Summary: The study discusses the coupling effects of frictional heating, triboelectrification, and semiconductor materials. Rubbing a metal on a semiconductor can lead to the generation of thermoelectric and tribovoltaic effects, resulting in the movement of majority carriers and the generation of direct current. The output is influenced by factors such as frictional energy, temperature difference, velocity, and pressure, demonstrating the potential for multi-source energy harvesting.
MATERIALS TODAY PHYSICS
(2021)
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Lele Ren et al.
Summary: DTENG is a direct-current triboelectric nanogenerator based on dynamic p-n junction, which utilizes the coupling between tribovoltaic effect and photovoltaic effect to enhance the output, showing potential applications in energy harvesting from mechanical energy and photon energy.
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Engineering, Mechanical
Shuang Yi et al.
Summary: In this study, a robust macroscale superlubricity state was achieved by introducing Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoflakes in glycerol at Si3N4/sapphire interfaces, resulting in a significant reduction of friction coefficient and triggering liquid superlubricity.
TRIBOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xuanyu Huang et al.
Summary: The article introduces a microscale generator - the Schottky superlubric generator (S-SLG), which can generate high current and power densities while maintaining stable high electrical current density over a long lifetime. Experimental results demonstrate the enduring and virtually unlimited persistence of the S-SLG.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
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Chemistry, Physical
Mingli Zheng et al.
Summary: The study investigated the contact electrification process at the liquid-semiconductor interface, revealing the significant role of photoexcited electron-hole pairs in driving the generation of tribo-current. The findings support a "two-step" model for the formation of the electric double layer proposed by Wang.
Article
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Andris Sutka et al.
Summary: Tribovoltaic devices have shown significant current density output from friction, attracting attention for their potential in mechanical energy harvesting from human motion or mechanical vibrations. A novel tribovoltaic device based on a W/WO3 Schottky junction enabled by high-energy electrons has been demonstrated, showing an unbiased current density up to 1270 A m(-2) and high durability and reliability.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C
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Jia Meng et al.
Summary: A flexible textile-based DC generator utilizing the tribovoltaic effect has been developed, which can efficiently harvest mechanical energies to power self-powered wearable electronics. The generator is based on the dynamic Schottky junction between an Al slider and a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-coated textile, providing a voltage output of approximately 0.45-0.70 V. Connecting multiple generators in series can increase the voltage and current output, demonstrating the potential for continuous power supply to electronic devices without the need for conditioning circuits.
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S. Huang et al.
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