Journal
NANOMEDICINE
Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages 269-287Publisher
FUTURE MEDICINE LTD
DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.196
Keywords
endotoxin contamination; endotoxin elimination; LAL assay; nanomaterials; nanosafety
Funding
- EU [PITN-GA-2010-264506, NMP4-LA2013-3105984, INFRA-2010-262163, VITO-TAF-223]
- Fondazione CARIPLO [2011-2114]
- Italy-Korea GR project 'Nanovaccination: a new strategy for improving antigen-specific immunity'
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The study of toxicity and potential risks of engineered nanoparticles is of particular importance in nanomedicine. Endotoxin, a common contaminant of bacterial origin, has biological effects that can mask the true biological effects of nanoparticles, if its presence is overlooked. In this review, we report the features of nanoparticle contamination by endotoxin, and the different biological effects of endotoxin-contaminated nanoparticles. We will describe different methods for endotoxin detection applied to nanoparticles, and discuss their pros and cons. Eventually, we describe various methods for eliminating endotoxin contamination in nanoparticles. Although there is no universal technique for efficiently removing endotoxin from nanoparticles, specific solutions can be found case by case, which can allow us to perform nanosafety studies in biologically relevant conditions.
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