Journal
NANOMEDICINE
Volume 11, Issue 2, Pages 121-136Publisher
FUTURE MEDICINE LTD
DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.185
Keywords
apoptosis; cell death pathways; human melanoma cells; magnetic hyperthermia; magnetic nanoparticles
Funding
- University College London
- Royal Institution of Great Britain
- AM-AROUT-II Marie Curie Action under the European Commission's FP7 PEOPLE-COFUND program
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [MAT2013-47395-C4-3-R]
- Research Fund grant from the UK's Royal Society of Chemistry
- UK's Royal Society
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Aim: To assess cell death pathways in response to magnetic hyperthermia. Materials & methods: Human melanoma cells were loaded with citric acid-coated iron-oxide nanoparticles, and subjected to a time-varying magnetic field. Pathways were monitored in vitro in suspensions and in situ in monolayers using fluorophores to report on early-stage apoptosis and late-stage apoptosis and/ or necrosis. Results: Delayed-onset effects were observed, with a rate and extent proportional to the thermal-load-per-cell. At moderate loads, membranal internal-to-external lipid exchange preceded rupture and death by a few hours (the timeline varying cell-to-cell), without any measurable change in the local environment temperature. Conclusion: Our observations support the proposition that intracellular heating may be a viable, controllable and nonaggressive in vivo treatment for human pathological conditions.
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