Mutualistic interactions between ants and fungi: A review

The large amount of dead plant biomass caused by the final extinction events triggered a fungi proliferation that mostly differentiated into saprophytes degrading organic matter; others became parasites, predators, likely commensals, and mutualists. Among the last, many have relationships with ants, the most emblematic seen in the Neotropical myrmicine Attina that cultivate Basidiomycota for food. Among them, leaf-cutting, fungus-growing species illustrate an ecological innovation because they grow fungal gardens from fresh plant material rather than arthropod frass and plant debris. Myrmecophytes shelter plant-ants in hollow structures, the domatia, whose inner walls are lined with thin-walled Ascomycota hyphae that, in certain cases, are eaten by the ants, showing a form of convergence. Typically, these Ascomycota have antibacterial properties illustrating cases of farming for protection. Ant gardens, or mutualistic associations between certain ant species and epiphytes, shelter endophytic fungi that promote the growth of the epiphytes. Because the cell walls of certain Ascomycota hyphae remain sturdy after the death of the mycelium, they form resistant fibers used by ants to reinforce their constructions (e.g., galleries, shelters for tended hemipterans, and carton nests). Thus, we saw cases of true fungal agriculture involving planting, cultivating, and harvesting Basidiomycota for food with Attina. A convergence with plant-ants feeding on Ascomycota whose antibacterial activity is generally exploited (i.e., farming for protection). The growth of epiphytes was promoted by endophytic fungi in ant gardens. Finally, farming for structural materials occurred with, in one case, a leaf-cutting, fungus-growing ant using Ascomycota fibers to reinforce its nests.

Automated summary

The final extinction events caused a proliferation of fungi, which differentiated into saprophytes, parasites, predators, commensals, and mutualists. Ant-Attina mutualism involves cultivating Basidiomycota for food. Leaf-cutting, fungus-growing ants innovate by growing fungal gardens from fresh plant material. Certain Ascomycota in domatia eaten by ants exhibit convergence as a form of farming for protection. Ant gardens shelter endophytic fungi promoting epiphyte growth. Ascomycota fibers are used by leaf-cutting ants to reinforce their nests, representing farming for structural materials.