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Summary: Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, several rapidly spreading variants of concern (VOC) have emerged. A single dose of Ad26.COV2.S has shown to protect against the Gamma and Delta variants in naive hamsters, supporting its efficacy in humans against these VOC. However, an Omicron BA.1-based booster does not improve immunogenicity and efficacy against Omicron BA.2 compared to an Ad26.COV2.S booster in hamsters with pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Qian Wang et al.
Summary: The BQ and XBB subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, with additional spike mutations, are rapidly expanding and have altered antibody evasion properties. Neutralization of BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB, and XBB.1 by vaccinated individuals and infected persons' sera was significantly impaired, including those boosted with a WA1/BA.5 bivalent mRNA vaccine. The titers against BQ and XBB subvariants were much lower than observed before, indicating that these subvariants pose a serious threat to current COVID-19 vaccines and render all authorized antibodies inactive.
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Summary: The infectivity of the omicron variant in hamsters was found to be lower than that of the ancestral D614G strain, with a significant decrease in viral RNA load in the lungs and no detectable infectious virus in this organ. Histopathological examination of the lungs from omicron-infected hamsters revealed no signs of peri-bronchial inflammation or bronchopneumonia.
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Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
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Infectious Diseases
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Summary: The coronavirus disease-19 has made a permanent mark in human history, with its variants playing a crucial role in increased transmissibility, infectivity, and immune escape of the virus. The effectiveness of vaccines is severely affected by the new variants.
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Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: The study found that the Omicron variant has reduced neutralizing effectiveness in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2, but those who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed better neutralization against Omicron.
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Peter J. Halfmann et al.
Summary: The recent study by the SAVE/NIAID network shows that the B.1.1.529 Omicron variant causes milder lung disease in rodents, which is consistent with preliminary human clinical data.
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Summary: The B.1.1.529/Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, initially detected in southern Africa, has rapidly spread globally and is expected to become dominant due to its enhanced transmissibility in the coming weeks. This variant poses a threat to the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies due to its significant antibody resistance. Even individuals who have received vaccines and booster doses may have reduced neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529.
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Lisa M. Dunkle et al.
Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine has shown to be safe and highly effective in preventing Covid-19, with a vaccine efficacy of 90.4% against reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction-confirmed cases and 100% efficacy against moderate-to-severe disease. The vaccine also demonstrated high efficacy against various variants of the virus.
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NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Summary: The study showed that current vaccination can enhance protection against Omicron infections, but different vaccines have varying efficacy, which requires further investigation.
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Marciela M. DeGrace et al.
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Summary: This study suggests that people living with HIV who have well-controlled viral loads and CD4+ T-cell counts in a healthy range generally have strong humoral responses to dual COVID-19 vaccination. Factors such as age, comorbidities, vaccine brand, response durability, and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants will impact when individuals with HIV will benefit from additional vaccine doses.
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Aekkachai Tuekprakhon et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread globally and has evolved into different sublineages, with BA.4 and BA.5 dominating in South Africa. These sublineages show reduced neutralization by vaccine and naturally immune serum, indicating the possibility of repeat Omicron infections.
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Yunlong Cao et al.
Summary: Omicron sublineages BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 have higher transmissibility and increased evasion of neutralizing antibodies compared to the BA.2 lineage. They exhibit similar binding affinities to the ACE2 receptor as BA.2. BA.1 infection after vaccination boosts humoral immune memory against wild-type SARS-CoV-2, but these antibodies are largely evaded by BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 variants.
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Houriiyah Tegally et al.
Summary: The genomic characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5, responsible for the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa, reveals their continued viral diversification and sheds light on the potential mechanisms that allow these new lineages to outcompete their predecessors. These new lineages, BA.4 and BA.5, share identical spike proteins with BA.2 but have certain differences such as the presence of the 69-70 deletion, L452R, F486V, and the wild-type amino acid at Q493. They can be identified by the S-gene target failure, a proxy marker associated with the 69-70 deletion. BA.4 and BA.5 have rapidly replaced BA.2 and have become the dominant lineages in South Africa.
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Caroline G. Atyeo et al.
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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
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Lior Rennert et al.
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Summary: The BA.2 sublineage of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has become dominant globally, but the prevalence of BA.4 and BA.5 is rapidly increasing in certain regions. This study found no significant differences in growth ability or pathogenicity between BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 isolates in rodent models, and they exhibited lower pathogenicity compared to a previously circulating Delta isolate. Furthermore, in vivo competition experiments showed that BA.5 outcompeted BA.2 in hamsters, while BA.4 and BA.2 had similar fitness.
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Summary: The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 can cause breakthrough infections in fully vaccinated individuals. Vaccination reduces the infectious viral load and increases the levels of anti-spike IgA in the nasal secretions of asymptomatic individuals infected with the Delta variant.
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Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is less pathogenic in Syrian golden hamsters compared to previous SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Ya-Nan Zhang et al.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
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Jing-Hui Tian et al.
Summary: The study reports the development of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine candidate that contains full-length spike protein stabilized in its prefusion conformation, showing immunogenicity in mice and protection in baboons with Matrix-M adjuvanted vaccine, supporting ongoing phase 1/2 clinical evaluation of NVX-CoV2373 with Matrix-M (NCT04368988).
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
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Kathryn E. Stephenson et al.
Summary: The study evaluated the immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in human participants, showing rapid induction of spike-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Various antibody subclasses, Fc receptor binding properties, and antiviral functions were induced, along with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2021)
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Ai-ris Y. Collier et al.
Summary: The kinetics of immune response to Covid-19 vaccines were studied, showing varying peak levels and durations of response for different vaccines. However, the response levels correlating with protection have not been defined yet.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
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V. Shinde et al.
Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine showed efficacy in preventing Covid-19, with higher vaccine efficacy observed among HIV-negative participants. Most infections were caused by the B.1.351 variant.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
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Joan E. M. van der Lubbe et al.
Summary: This study investigated the immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and potential for vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) mediated by Ad26.COV2.S in a Syrian hamster challenge model with the G614 spike SARS-CoV-2 variant. Results showed that higher vaccine doses elicited substantial neutralizing antibodies titers and provided complete protection against lung infection and pneumonia in over 80% of Syrian hamsters inoculated with SARS-CoV-2.
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Dan H. Barouch et al.
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Paul T. Heath et al.
Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine demonstrated an efficacy of 89.7% in a phase 3 trial with over 15,000 participants, with mild and transient reactogenicity. It showed high efficacy against the B.1.1.7 variant and a low incidence of adverse events.
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M. G. Thompson et al.
Summary: A study with a test-negative design analyzed 41,552 admissions to 187 hospitals and 21,522 visits to 221 EDs or urgent care clinics. The mRNA-based vaccines (>= 14 days after the second dose) were highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hospitalization (89%), ICU admission (90%), or an urgent care visit (91%).
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Summary: This study explored how mutations in spike proteins of different SARS-CoV-2 variants affect natural and vaccine-induced immunity, finding that primary infection with the WA1/2020 strain provided strong protection, while antibodies induced by the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine showed reduced neutralizing activity against the B.1.351 strain but still offered effective protection.
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