Noninvasive Imaging Methods for Quantification of Pulmonary Edema and Congestion

Quantification of pulmonary edema and congestion is important to guide diagnosis and risk stratification, and to objectively evaluate new therapies in heart failure. Herein, we review the validation, diagnostic performance, and clinical utility of noninvasive imaging modalities in this setting, including chest x-ray, lung ultrasound (LUS), computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine imaging methods (positron emission tomography [PET], single photon emission CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). LUS is a clinically useful bedside modality, and fully quantitative methods (CT, MRI, PET) are likely to be important contributors to a more accurate and precise evaluation of new heart failure therapies and for clinical use in conjunction with cardiac imaging. There are only a limited number of studies evaluating pulmonary congestion during stress. Taken together, noninvasive imaging of pulmonary congestion provides utility for both clinical and research assessment, and continued refinement of methodologic accuracy, validation, and workflow has the potential to increase broader clinical adoption.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation. This is an open access article under the

Automated summary

Quantification of pulmonary edema and congestion is crucial for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and evaluation of new therapies in heart failure. Noninvasive imaging modalities, including chest x-ray, lung ultrasound, CT, nuclear medicine imaging methods, and MRI, have been validated and shown clinical utility in this setting. LUS is a useful bedside modality, while fully quantitative methods (CT, MRI, PET) are likely to provide more accurate evaluation of new heart failure therapies and can be used in conjunction with cardiac imaging. Further research is needed on pulmonary congestion during stress. Overall, noninvasive imaging of pulmonary congestion has both clinical and research utility, and improving methodologic accuracy, validation, and workflow can increase its broader clinical adoption.