Journal
ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY
Volume 98, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106486
Keywords
Sonophotocatalytic process; Nanocatalyst; Organic pollutants; Zinc oxide; Sporopollenin
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In this study, sporopollenin/zinc oxide (SP/ZnO) was used as an environmentally friendly and durable catalyst for the sonophotocatalytic treatment of organic contaminants in water resources. The SP/ZnO catalyst showed high degradation efficiencies for the tested organic compounds and demonstrated good reusability after multiple cycles. This study provides a promising approach for the degradation of organic pollutants in water resources.
Water resource pollution by organic contaminants is an environmental issue of increasing concern. Here, sporopollenin/zinc oxide (SP/ZnO) was used as an environmentally friendly and durable catalyst for sonopho-tocatalytic treatment of three organic compounds: direct blue 25 (DB 25), levofloxacin (LEV), and dime-thylphtalate (DMPh). The resulting catalyst had a 2.65 eV bandgap value and 9.81 m2/g surface area. The crystalline structure and functional groups of SP/ZnO were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. After 120 min of the sonophotocatalysis, the degradation ef-ficiencies of DB 25, LEV, and DMPh by SP/ZnO were 86.41, 75.88, and 62.54%, respectively, which were higher than that of the other investigated processes. The role of reactive oxygen species were investigated using various scavengers, enhancers, photoluminescence, and o-phenylenediamine. Owing to its stability, the catalyst exhibited good reusability after four consecutive cycles. In addition, the high integrity of the catalyst was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD, and FTIR analyses. After four consecutive examinations, the leaching of zinc in the aqueous phase was < 3 mg/L. Moreover, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses indicated that the contaminants were initially converted into cyclic compounds and then into aliphatic compounds, including carboxylic acids and animated products. Thus, this study synthesized an envi-ronmentally friendly and reusable SP/ZnO composite for the degradation of various organic pollutants using a sonophotocatalytic process.
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