FIB-SEM combined with proteomics and modification omics clarified mechanisms of lipids synthesis in organelles of Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells with high CO2 concentration

In order to explain reasons why flue-gas CO2 (normally containing high CO2) enhanced carbon fixation and lipids syn-thesis with increased photochemical electron production in microalgae cells. Focused ion beam scanning electron mi-croscopy (FIB-SEM) was combined with proteomics and phosphorylation modification mics to clarify mechanisms of lipids synthesis at protein and organelle levels in Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells cultivated with high CO2 concentration (15 % v/v). The volumes of chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum in subcellular organelles increased by 47 % and 306 %, respectively, compared with the control, which improved conversion efficiency of starch grains to lipids (lipid content increased by 57 %). Proteomics and modifications omics revealed that protein translation and ribosome structure and biogenesis-related enzymes were significantly modified by phosphorylation, which regulated protein bi-ological functions. Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and other carbohydrate metabolic pathways were markedly enriched and promoted the expression of lipid synthase, which was consistent with enhanced carbon fixation in pho-tosynthesis, expansion of subcellular organelles and improved lipids synthesis.

Automated summary

The combination of focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), proteomics, and phosphorylation modification mics revealed the mechanisms of lipids synthesis in Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells cultivated with high CO2 concentration. The increase in chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum volumes led to improved conversion efficiency of starch grains to lipids and increased lipid content. Phosphorylation modification significantly regulated protein translation, ribosome structure, and biogenesis-related enzymes, promoting the expression of lipid synthase and enhancing carbon fixation and lipids synthesis.