Entanglement and discernibility of identical particles

This article follows an unorthodox approach to the individuation of quantum particles of the same type. According to this approach, individuation of the components of a composite system of identical particles is done not with the help of unphysical labels (indices) but physically meaningful projection operators. This unorthodox conception requires a modification of the standard notion of entanglement, in order to exclude states whose non-factorizability arises merely from the (anti)symmetrization of a product state. I will report several facts regarding the connections of the modified concept of entanglement with the issue of discernibility. I will also discuss recent experiments involving measurement-induced entanglement, and I will point out that they do not threaten the cogency of the new concept of entanglement. The statistical correlations observed in these experiments are explainable not by the entanglement of the initial state but by the creation of a new, genuinely entangled state by means of a pre-measurement selection. Finally, I will identify and discuss a genuine difference between non-entangled but non-factorizable states of identical particles and ordinary product states, which is that the former but not the latter admits an infinity of alternative and incompatible individuations by single-particle properties. This phenomenon can be accounted for using the concept of emergent particles proposed by Dennis Dieks.This article is part of the theme issue 'Identity, individuality and indistinguishability in physics and mathematics'.

Automated summary

This article proposes an unconventional approach to the individuation of quantum particles of the same type, using physically meaningful projection operators instead of unphysical labels. It argues for a modification of the standard notion of entanglement to exclude states resulting merely from symmetrization. The article also discusses recent experiments on measurement-induced entanglement, indicating that they support the new concept of entanglement. Furthermore, it explores the difference between non-entangled but non-factorizable states and ordinary product states.