4.2 Article

Poppy Seeds Signal Limitations of Urine Drug Testing Protocols

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Article Chemistry, Analytical

Poppy Seed Consumption May Be Associated with Codeine-Only Urine Drug Test Results

Gary M. Reisfield et al.

Summary: Consumption of poppy seed-containing food products can lead to opiate-positive urine drug test results, making it difficult to distinguish between poppy seed consumption and opiate administration. Previous guidance suggests that codeine concentrations exceeding 300 ng/mL and morphine-to-codeine ratios below 2 indicate codeine consumption. However, a study found that 18% of urine samples from participants who consumed poppy seed-containing food products were positive for codeine and negative for morphine at the 300 ng/mL cut-off, indicating that urinary opiate concentrations and ratios may not reliably differentiate between poppy seed consumption and codeine administration.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (2023)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain — United States, 2022

Deborah Dowell et al.

MMWR Recommendations and Reports (2022)

Article Medicine, Legal

Morphine Concentrations in Human Urine Following Poppy Seed Paste Consumption

Emine Ozbunar et al.

FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL (2019)

Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Use and Misuse of Opioids in Chronic Pain

Nora Volkow et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE, VOL 69 (2018)

Letter Chemistry, Analytical

Headache Bread-A Case of High Codeine Containing Variety of Poppy Seed

Julia Chang et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY (2012)

Review Toxicology

Laboratory Testing for Prescription Opioids

Michael C. Milone

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY (2012)

Article Clinical Neurology

Validation of the revised screener and opioid assessment for patients with pain (SOAPP-R)

Stephen F. Butler et al.

JOURNAL OF PAIN (2008)

Article Anesthesiology

Development and validation of the current opioid misuse measure

Stephen F. Butler et al.

Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Development of a self-report screening instrument for assessing potential opioid medication misuse in chronic pain patients

LL Adams et al.

JOURNAL OF PAIN AND SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT (2004)

Article Medicine, Legal

Poppy seed consumption and toxicological analysis of blood and urine samples

MR Moeller et al.

FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL (2004)