Handwriting of perovskite optoelectronic devices on diverse substrates

Paper and textiles that are commonly used in our daily lives hold great potential as platforms for next-generation flexible and wearable electronics. However, strategies for fabricating light-emitting diodes and photodetectors on different substrates are restricted in terms of their quantity and variety as strict flatness and smoothness are often required. Here we develop a highly versatile, scalable and eco-friendly handwriting approach to draw multicolour perovskite light-emitting diodes and perovskite photodetectors on various substrates, including paper, textiles, plastics, elastomers, rubber and three-dimensional objects. Our method uses common ballpoint pens filled with newly formulated inks of conductive polymers, metal nanowires and multiple perovskites for a wide range of emission colours. Just like writing with multicoloured pens, writing layer-by-layer with these functional inks enables perovskite optoelectronic devices to be realized within minutes. This process can be carried out by individuals without specialized training. The handwritten perovskite light-emitting diodes can exhibit a brightness as high as 15,225 cd m(-2), a current efficiency of 6.65 cd A(-1) and a turn-on voltage of 2.4 V. The perovskite photodetectors exhibit an on/off ratio of over 10,000 and a responsivity of up to 132 mA W-1. This work offers a route to the integration of perovskite optoelectronics in low-cost and large-area application scenarios such as electronic textiles, electronic paper, smart packaging and other disposable electronics and wearables. A new approach enables handwriting high-performance perovskite optoelectronic devices with a common ballpoint pen on diverse substrates, including paper, textiles, plastics, rubber and common 3D objects in daily life.

Automated summary

Researchers have developed a versatile and eco-friendly handwriting approach for creating high-performance perovskite optoelectronic devices on various substrates, including paper, textiles, plastics, rubber and common 3D objects. The process involves using common ballpoint pens filled with specially formulated inks, enabling the rapid realization of multicolour perovskite light-emitting diodes and photodetectors. This work offers a new route for integrating perovskite optoelectronics in low-cost and large-area application scenarios.